A Bibliography of Critiques of Postmodernism (Updated)

For those of you who want a good list of critical analyses and critiques of Postmodernism, now updated.

General Critiques
Bawer, Bruce. 2012. The Victims’ Revolution: The Rise of Identity Studies and the Closing of the Liberal Mind. Broadside Books, New York.

Dennett, Daniel. 1998. “Postmodernism and Truth,” Butterflies and Wheels
http://www.butterfliesandwheels.org/2003/postmodernism-and-truth/

Detmer, David. 2003. Challenging Postmodernism: Philosophy and the Politics of Truth. Humanity Books, Amherst, N.Y.

Devaney, M. J. 1997. ‘Since at least Plato …’ and Other Postmodernist Myths. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Ellis, John M. 1989. Against Deconstruction. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

Gross, Paul R. and Norman Levitt. 1994. Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Johnson, Gregory R. 1992. “Without Sense or Reference. J.G. Merquior’s From Prague to Park: A Critique of Structuralist and Post-Structuralist Thought,” Reason Papers 17: 153–160.

Koertge, Noretta. 1998. A House built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science. Oxford University Press, New York.

McKinley, B. 2000. “Postmodernism certainly is not science, but could it be religion?,” CSAS Bulletin 36.1: 16–18.

Merquior, Jose Guilherme. 1986. From Prague to Paris: A Critique of Structuralist and Post-Structuralist Thought. Verso, London.

Norris, Christopher. 1993. The Truth about Postmodernism. Blackwell, Oxford.
This defends deconstruction, but condemns Postmodernism.

Sokal, Alan and Jean Bricmont. 1998. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science. Picador, New York.

Conservative Critiques
Norris, Christopher. 1990. What’s Wrong with Postmodernism. Harvester Wheatsheaf, England.

Norris, Christopher. 1993. The Truth about Postmodernism. Blackwell, Oxford.

Scruton, R. 1993. Upon Nothing. University College of Swansea, Swansea.

Scruton, Roger. 1994. “Upon Nothing,” Philosophical Investigations 17.3: 481–506.

Scruton, Roger. 2015. Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left. Bloomsbury, London.

Windschuttle, Keith. 1994. The Killing of History: How a Discipline is being murdered by Literary Critics and Social Theorists. Macleay Press, Sydney.

Windschuttle, K. 1998. “Foucault as Historian,” in Robert Nola (ed.). Foucault. F. Cass, London and Portland, Or. 5–35.

Marxian criticisms
Callinicos, Alex. 1990. Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Eagleton, Terry. 1996. The Illusions of Postmodernism. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Mass.

Libertarian Critiques
Hicks, Stephen R. C. 2004. Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault. Scholargy, New Berlin, Milwaukee.

A Bibliography of Critiques of Postmodernism

For those of you who want a good list of critical analyses and critiques of Postmodernism.

General Critiques
Dennett, Daniel. 1998. “Postmodernism and Truth,” Butterflies and Wheels
http://www.butterfliesandwheels.org/2003/postmodernism-and-truth/

Detmer, David. 2003. Challenging Postmodernism: Philosophy and the Politics of Truth. Humanity Books, Amherst, N.Y.

Devaney, M. J. 1997. ‘Since at least Plato …’ and Other Postmodernist Myths. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Ellis, John M. 1989. Against Deconstruction. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

Gross, Paul R. and Norman Levitt. 1994. Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Koertge, Noretta. 1998. A House built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science. Oxford University Press, New York.

McKinley, B. 2000. “Postmodernism certainly is not science, but could it be religion?,” CSAS Bulletin 36.1: 16–18.

Norris, Christopher. 1993. The Truth about Postmodernism. Blackwell, Oxford.
This defends deconstruction, but condemns Postmodernism.

Sokal, Alan and Jean Bricmont. 1998. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science. Picador, New York.

Conservative Critiques
Norris, Christopher. 1990. What’s Wrong with Postmodernism. Harvester Wheatsheaf, England.

Norris, Christopher. 1993. The Truth about Postmodernism. Blackwell, Oxford.

Scruton, R. 1993. Upon Nothing. University College of Swansea, Swansea.

Scruton, Roger. 1994. “Upon Nothing,” Philosophical Investigations 17.3: 481–506.

Windschuttle, Keith. 1994. The Killing of History: How a Discipline is being murdered by Literary Critics and Social Theorists. Macleay Press, Sydney.

Windschuttle, K. 1998. “Foucault as Historian,” in Robert Nola (ed.). Foucault. F. Cass, London and Portland, Or. 5–35.

Marxian criticisms
Callinicos, Alex. 1990. Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Eagleton, Terry. 1996. The Illusions of Postmodernism. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Mass.

Libertarian Critiques
Hicks, Stephen R. C. 2004. Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault. Scholargy, New Berlin, Milwaukee.

Post Keynesian Economics: A Bibliography of Recent Introductory and Advanced Books (Updated)

Books on Post Keynesian economics and Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) appear every year, but over the past 9 years or so – especially after the financial crisis of 2008 – there seems to have been an embarrassment of riches in that many very good introductory and advanced books have appeared.

I update below my earlier list of these recent books:

Introductory Studies
Davidson, Paul. 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity (1st edn). Palgrave Macmillan, New York and Basingstoke.

Lavoie, Marc. 2009. Introduction to Post-Keynesian Economics (2nd rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.

Skidelsky, R. J. A. 2010. Keynes: The Return of the Master (rev. and updated edn.). Penguin, London.

King, J. E. 2012. The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
This is the second and updated edition of this work (1st edn. King 2003) that gives excellent short essays and overviews of all major subjects in Post Keynesian economics. This is a splendid first port of call for any research, especially for the beginner.

Wray, L. Randall. 2012. Modern Money Theory: A Primer on Macroeconomics for Sovereign Monetary Systems. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

King, John E. 2015. Advanced Introduction to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
An advanced introduction to Post Keynesian economics by John E. King, whose work is always outstanding. Publisher details and the contents can be seen here. In particular, Chapter 8 is a discussion of the global financial crises of 2008 as interpreted in Post Keynesian theory.

Advanced and Specialist Literature
Hayes, Mark. 2006. The Economics of Keynes: A New Guide to The General Theory. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Tily, Geoff. 2007. Keynes Betrayed: Keynes’s General Theory, The Rate of Interest and Keynesian Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

Godley, Wynne and Marc Lavoie. 2007. Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, N.Y.

Mitchell, William and Joan Muysken. 2008. Full Employment Abandoned: Shifting Sands and Policy Failures. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Davidson, Paul. 2009. John Maynard Keynes (rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Hein, Eckhard and Engelbert Stockhammer (eds.). 2011. A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
A recent collection of essays on many different subjects.

Keen, Steve. 2011. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor Dethroned? (rev. and expanded edn.). Zed Books, London and New York.
This is the revised and updated version of Keen’s earlier work (Keen 2001).

Davidson, Paul. 2011. Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory: Foundation for Successful Economic Policies for the Twenty-First Century (2nd edn). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Harcourt, G. C. and Peter Kriesler (eds.). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York.

Harcourt, G. C. and Peter Kriesler (eds.). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 2: Critiques and Methodology. Oxford University Press, New York.
A two volume collection of essays and advanced overviews of many different issues in Post Keynesian economics.

Lee, Frederic S. and Marc Lavoie (eds.). 2013. In Defense of post-Keynesian and Heterodox Economics: Responses to their Critics. Routledge, London.

Jespersen, Jesper and Mogens Ove Madsen (eds.). 2013. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
A collection of papers by leading Post Keynesian economists.

Lavoie, Marc. 2014. Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
This is the newly updated and expanded version of Lavoie’s earlier work (Lavoie 1992). It runs to 680 pages, and is possibly the best and most authoritative work available.

Davidson, Paul. 2015. Post Keynesian Theory and Policy: A Realistic Analysis of the Market Oriented Capitalist Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK.

Mitchell, Bill and L. Randall Wray. Modern Monetary Theory and Practice (forthcoming, 2015).
This textbook on MMT is forthcoming. There is a table of contents here.

Further Reading
“A Bibliography on the History of Post Keynesian Economics (updated),” September 6, 2014.

“Post Keynesian Textbooks,” July 5, 2011.

“Bibliography on Post Keynesian Economics,” July 6, 2011.

“Bibliography on Post Keynesian Methodology,” September 16, 2013.

“Bibliography on Keynes’s Theory of Probability (Updated),” July 6, 2014.

“Bibliography on Uncertainty in Post Keynesian Economics (Updated),” May 21, 2014.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
King, J. E. (ed.). 2003. The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northhampton, MA.

Keen, S. 2001. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences. Zed Books, New York and London.

Lavoie, Marc. 1992. Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot, UK.

Bibliography on Marx’s Monetary Theory

I’ve been reviewing Marx’s monetary theory as developed in part 1 of volume 1 of Capital, but there are also a number of interesting studies of this topic, as follows:

Arnon, Arie. 1984. “Marx’s Theory of Money: The Formative Years,” History of Political Economy 16: 311–326.

Arnon, Arie. 2012. Monetary Theory and Policy from Hume and Smith to Wicksell: Money, Credit, and the Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Chapter 15, pp. 309–329.

de Brunhoff, Suzanne. 1976. Marx on Money. Urizen, New York.

de Brunhoff, Suzanne and Duncan K. Foley. 2006. “Karl Marx’s Theory of Money and Credit,” in Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer (eds.), A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. 188–204.

Foley, Duncan K. 2005. “Marx’s Theory of Money in Historical Perspective,” in Fred Moseley (ed.), Marx’s Theory of Money: Modern Appraisals. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 36–49.

Germer, Claus. 2005. “The Commodity Nature of Money in Marx’s Theory,” in Fred Moseley (ed.), Marx’s Theory of Money: Modern Appraisals. Palgrave, London. 21–35.

Graziani, Augusto and Michel Vale. 1997. “The Marxist Theory of Money,” International Journal of Political Economy 27.2: 26–50.

Lapavitsas, C. 1994. “The Banking School and the Monetary Thought of Karl Marx,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 18: 447–461.

Lavoie, Don. 1986. “Marx, the Quantity Theory, and the Theory of Value,” History of Political Economy 18:1, 155–170.

Messori, Marcello and Michael Vale. 1997. “The Theory of Value without Commodity Money?: Preliminary Considerations on Marx's Analysis of Money,” International Journal of Political Economy 27.2: 51–96.

Moseley, Fred. “The ‘Monetary Expression of Labor’ in the Case of Non-Commodity Money,” November 2004
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~fmoseley/Working_Papers_PDF/melt.pdf

Nelson, Anitra. 1999. Marx’s Concept of Money: The God of Commodities. Routledge, London and New York.

Nelson, Anitra. 2001. “Marx’s Theory of the Money Commodity,” History of Economic Review 33: 44–63.

Smith, Matthew. 2004. “Thomas Tooke’s Legacy to Monetary Economics,” in Tony Aspromourgos and John Lodewijks (eds.), History and Political Economy: Essays in Honour of P.D. Groenewegen. Routledge, London. 57–75, especially 62–65.

Wolfson, Murray. 1988. “Comment: Marx, the Quantity Theory, and the Theory of Value,” History of Political Economy 20: 137–140.

No doubt I have missed some important works, but I will update the bibliography as necessary.

An important point is that Marx seems to have had a type of quantity theory, albeit a highly idiosyncratic one based on the labour theory of value.

Furthermore, Marx took over and incorporated fundamental ideas on endogenous money right from the Banking School economist Thomas Tooke’s work as follows:

Tooke, Thomas. 1844. An Inquiry into the Currency Principle: The Connection of the Currency with Prices and the Expediency of a Separation of Issue from Banking. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London.
https://archive.org/details/inquiryintocurre00tookuoft

A Bibliography on Alfred Marshall

I have recently become more interested in Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), and the Marshallian tradition in economics, which included Keynes in his early career.

That being so, I list a quick, but far from complete, bibliography on Alfred Marshall below:

Biographies and Studies on Marshall’s Economics
Arena, Richard and Michel Quéré. 2003. The Economics of Alfred Marshall: Revisiting Marshall’s Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York and Basingstoke, UK.

Cook, Simon J. 2009. The Intellectual Foundations of Alfred Marshall’s Economic Science: A Rounded Globe of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Groenewegen, Peter. 1995. A Soaring Eagle: Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924. Edward Elgar, Aldershot and Brookfield, VT.
The best and most detailed biography of Marshall.

Groenewegen, Peter. 2007. Alfred Marshall: Economist 1842–1924. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., New York.
A shorter, introductory biography.

Groenewegen, Peter. 2012. The Minor Marshallians and Alfred Marshall: An Evaluation. Routledge, New York.
A good study of the minor Marshallian economists and students of Marshall and their contributions to economics.

Raffaelli, Tiziano, Becattini, Giacomo, and Marco Dardi (eds). 2006. The Elgar Companion to Alfred Marshall. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, Mass.

Wood, John Cunningham (ed.). 1982. Alfred Marshall: Critical Assessments. Croom Helm, London.

Marshall’s Writings and Collections of his Writings
Marshall, A. 1887. “Remedies for Fluctuations in General Prices,” Contemporary Review 51 (March): 357–375. (reprinted in Marshall 1925.)

Marshall, A. and Marshall, M. P. 1879. The Economics of Industry. Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1890. Principles of Economics (1st edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1891. Principles of Economics (2nd edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1895. Principles of Economics (3rd edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1898. Principles of Economics (4th edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1907. Principles of Economics (5th edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1916. Principles of Economics (7th edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1920. Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume (8th edn.). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, A. 1923. Money, Credit and Commerce. Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1925. Memorials of Alfred Marshall (ed. by A. C. Pigou). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1925 [1887]. “Remedies for Fluctuations in General Prices,” in A. C. Pigou (ed.), Memorials of Alfred Marshall. Macmillan, London. 188–212.

Marshall, A. 1926. Official Papers of Alfred Marshall (ed. by J. M. Keynes). Macmillan, London.

Marshall, Alfred. 1975. The Early Economic Writings of Alfred Marshall, 1867–1890 (ed. by J. K. Whitaker). Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society, London.

Whitaker, John K. (ed.). 1996. The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist. Volume One: Climbing, 1868–1890. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Whitaker, John K. (ed.). 1996. The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist. Volume Two: At the Summit, 1891–1902. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Whitaker, John K. (ed.). 1996 . The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist. Volume Three: Towards the Close, 1903-1924. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Post Keynesian Economics: A Bibliography of Recent Introductory and Advanced Books

Of course, books on Post Keynesian economics appear every year, but over the past 8 years or so – especially after the financial crisis of 2008 – there seems to have been an embarrassment of riches in that many very good introductory and advanced books have appeared.

I provide a sample below:

Introductory Studies
Davidson, Paul. 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity (1st edn). Palgrave Macmillan, New York and Basingstoke.

Lavoie, Marc. 2009. Introduction to Post-Keynesian Economics (2nd rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.

Skidelsky, R. J. A. 2010. Keynes: The Return of the Master (rev. and updated edn.). Penguin, London.

King, J. E. 2012. The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
This is the second and updated edition of this work (1st edn. King 2003) that gives excellent short essays and overviews of all major subjects in Post Keynesian economics. This is a splendid first port of call for any research, especially for the beginner.

Advanced and Specialist Literature
Hayes, Mark. 2006. The Economics of Keynes: A New Guide to The General Theory. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Tily, Geoff. 2007. Keynes Betrayed: Keynes’s General Theory, The Rate of Interest and Keynesian Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

Godley, Wynne and Marc Lavoie. 2007. Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, N.Y.

Mitchell, William and Joan Muysken. 2008. Full Employment Abandoned: Shifting Sands and Policy Failures. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Davidson, Paul. 2009. John Maynard Keynes (rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Hein, Eckhard and Engelbert Stockhammer (eds.). 2011. A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
A recent collection of essays on many different subjects.

Keen, Steve. 2011. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor Dethroned? (rev. and expanded edn.). Zed Books, London and New York.
This is the revised and updated version of Keen’s earlier work (Keen 2001).

Davidson, Paul. 2011. Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory: Foundation for Successful Economic Policies for the Twenty-First Century (2nd edn). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Harcourt, G. C. and Peter Kriesler (eds.). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York.

Harcourt, G. C. and Peter Kriesler (eds.). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 2: Critiques and Methodology. Oxford University Press, New York.
A two volume collection of essays and advanced overviews of many different issues in Post Keynesian economics.

Lavoie, Marc. 2014. Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
This is the newly updated and expanded version of Lavoie’s earlier work (Lavoie 1992). It runs to 680 pages, and is possibly the best and most authoritative work available.

Philip Pilkington also has a forthcoming book called Reformation in Economics (more on that here).

Also, Bill Mitchell and L. Randall Wray have a forthcoming book called Modern Monetary Theory and Practice (forthcoming, 2015).

Further Reading
“A Bibliography on the History of Post Keynesian Economics (updated),” September 6, 2014.

“Post Keynesian Textbooks,” July 5, 2011.

“Bibliography on Post Keynesian Economics,” July 6, 2011.

“Bibliography on Post Keynesian Methodology,” September 16, 2013.

“Bibliography on Keynes’s Theory of Probability (Updated),” July 6, 2014.

“Bibliography on Uncertainty in Post Keynesian Economics (Updated),” May 21, 2014.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
King, J. E. (ed.). 2003. The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northhampton, MA.

Keen, S. 2001. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences. Zed Books, New York and London.

Lavoie, Marc. 1992. Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot, UK.

A Bibliography on the History of Post Keynesian Economics (updated)

My bibliography below of books and articles on the history of Post Keynesianism has been updated.

Two important new additions are Marc Lavoie’s Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2014), pp. 38–47, and Geoff Tily’s Keynes Betrayed: The General Theory, the Rate of Interest and ‘Keynesian’ Economics (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010).

The list is as follows:

Ambrosi, Gerhard Michael. 2003. Keynes, Pigou and Cambridge Keynesians: Authenticity and Analytical Perspective in the Keynes-Classics Debate. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Arestis, P. 1996. “Post-Keynesian Economics: Towards Coherence,” Cambridge journal of Economics 20.1: 111–135.

Arestis, Philip, Dunn, Stephen P. and Malcolm Sawyer. 1999. “Post Keynesian Economics and its Critics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 21.4: 527–549.

Davidson, Paul. 2003–2004. “Setting the Record Straight on ‘A History of Post Keynesian Economics,’” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 26.2 245–272.

Davidson, Paul. 2005. “Galbraith and the Post Keynesians,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 28.1: 103–113.

Davidson, Paul. 2005. “Responses to Lavoie, King, and Dow on what Post Keynesianism is and who is a Post Keynesian,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 393–408.

Davidson, Paul. 2013. “Keynesian Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economics,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York. 122–137.

Dunn, S. P. 2000. “Wither Post Keynesianism?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.3: 343–364.

Fontana, Giuseppe. 2005. “‘A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936’: Some Hard (and not so Hard) Questions for the Future,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 409–421.

Hamouda, O. F. and Geoffrey Colin Harcourt. 1988. “Post-Keynesianism: From Criticism to Coherence?,” Bulletin of Economic Research 40.1: 1–33.

Hamouda, O. F. and Geoffrey Colin Harcourt. 2003 [1988]. “Post-Keynesianism: From Criticism to Coherence?,” in Claudio Sardoni (ed.), On Political Economists and Modern Political Economy: Selected Essays of G. C. Harcourt. Routledge, London. 209–232.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2001. “Joan Robinson and her Circle,” History of Economic Ideas 9: 59–71.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2001. “Post-Keynesian Thought,” in G. C. Harcourt, 50 Years a Keynesian and Other Essays. Palgrave, London. 263–285.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2003. “Cambridge Economic Tradition,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 44–51.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2012. “Cambridge Economic Tradition,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 61–68.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2006. The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin and Prue Kerr. 2009. Joan Robinson. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.

Hayes, M. G. 2010. “The Fault Line between Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A Review Essay,” Review of Political Economy 22:1: 151–160.

King, J. E. 1994. Conversations with Post Keynesians. Macmillan, Basingstoke.

King, J. E. 1997. “Notes on the History of Post Keynesian Economics in Australia,” in P. Arestis, G. Palma and M. C. Sawyer (eds.), Capital Controversy, Post Keynesian Economics and the History of Economic Theory: Essays in Honour of Geoff Harcourt (vol. 1). Routledge, London and New York. 298–309.

King, J. E. 2002. A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

King, J. E. 2005. “Unwarping the Record: A Reply to Paul Davidson,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 377–384.

King, J. E. 2009. Nicholas Kaldor. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York.

King, J. E. 2012. “Post Keynesians and Others,” Review of Political Economy 24.2: 305–319.

Kregel, Jan. 2013. “A Personal View of the Origins of Post-Keynesian Ideas in the History of Economics,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York. 45–50.

Lavoie, Marc. 2005. “Changing Definitions: A Comment on Davidson’s Critique of King’s History of Post Keynesianism,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 371–376.

Lavoie, Marc. 2010. “Should Sraffian economics be dropped out of the Post-Keynesian School?,” Paper prepared for the Conference at the University of Roma Tre, 2–4 December.
http://host.uniroma3.it/eventi/sraffaconference2010/abstracts/pp_lavoie.pdf

Lavoie, Marc. 2011. “History and Methods of Post-Keynesian Economics,” in Eckhard Hein and Engelbert Stockhammer (eds.), A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 1–33.

Lavoie, Marc. 2014. “To which of the Five Streams of Post-Keynesianism does John King belong?”
http://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/cses/pdfs/lavoie-paper.pdf

Lavoie, Marc. 2014. Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. pp. 38–47.

Lee, Frederic S. 2009. A History of Heterodox Economics: Challenging the Mainstream in the Twentieth Century. Routledge, London and New York.

Mongiovi, G. 2003. “Sraffian Economics,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 318–322.

Pasinetti, L. L. 2005. “The Cambridge School of Keynesian Economics,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 29.6: 837–848.

Pasinetti, Luigi L. 2007. Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A ‘Revolution in Economics’ to be Accomplished. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Roncaglia, A. 1991. “The Sraffian Schools,” Review of Political Economy 3.2: 187–220.

Thirlwall, A. P. 1987. Nicholas Kaldor. Wheatsheaf Books, Brighton, England.

Tily, Geoff. 2010. Keynes Betrayed: The General Theory, the Rate of Interest and ‘Keynesian’ Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Tymoigne, Eric and Frederic S. Lee. 2003–2004. “Post Keynesian Economics since 1936: A History of a Promise That Bounced?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 26.2: 273–287.

Walters, B. and D. Young. 1997. “On the Coherence of Post-Keynesian Economics,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 44.3: 329–349.

Bibliography on Keynes’s Theory of Probability (Updated)

Below is an updated version of my bibliography on probability and Keynes’s theory of probability.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bunge, M. 1981. “Four Concepts of Probability,” Applied Mathematical Modelling 5: 306–312.

Bunge, Mario. 1988. “Two Faces and Three Masks of Probability,” in Evandro Agazzi (ed.), Probability in the Sciences. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht and London. 27–50.

Fine, T. 1973. Theories of Probability. Academic Press, Waltham, MA.

De Finetti, Bruno. 1972. Probability, Induction and Statistics: The Art of Guessing. Wiley, London and New York.

De Finetti, Bruno. 1990. Theory of Probability: A Critical Introductory Treatment. Wiley, Chichester.

Galavotti, M. C. 2005. Philosophical Introduction to Probability. CSLI Publications, Stanford.

Gillies, D. 1973. An Objective Theory of Probability. Methuen, London.

Gillies, D. 2000. Philosophical Theories of Probability. Routledge, London.

Hacking, Ian. 1975. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press, London.

Hacking, Ian. 2006. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (2nd edn.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Howson, C. and Urbach, P. 1993. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach (2nd edn.). Open Court, La Salle, IL.

Johns, Richard. 2002. A Theory of Physical Probability. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Kyburg, Henry E. and Mariam Thalos. 2002. Probability is the Very Guide of Life: The Philosophical Uses of Chance. Eurospan, London.

Mellor, D. H. 2005. Probability: A Philosophical Introduction. Routledge, London.

Salmon, Wesley Charles. 1967. Foundations of Scientific Inference. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Savage, Leonard Jimmie. 1972. The Foundations of Statistics (2nd rev. edn.). Dover, New York.

Schum, David A. 2001. The Evidential Foundations of Probabilistic Reasoning. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Ill.

Skyrms, B. 2000. Choice and Chance (4th edn.). Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2007. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Allen Lane, London.

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2005. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (2nd edn.), Random House, New York.

von Plato, J. 1994. Creating Modern Probability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Weatherford, Roy. 1982. Philosophical Foundations of Probability Theory. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Reviews of Keynes’s Treatise on Probability
[Anonymous?] W. L. C. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994) 53.1: 78–83.

[Anonymous?] W. L. C. 1923. “A Treatise on Probability. by J. M. Keynes,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 18.141: 678–682.

[Anonymous]. 1924 “A Treatise on Probability by J.-M. Keynes,” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 31.1: 11–12.

Borel, Émile. 1924. “A propos d’un traité de probabilités,” Revue philosophique 98: 321–326.

Broad, C. D. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability. by J. M. Keynes,” Mind n.s. 31.121: 72–85.

Costello, Harry T. 1923. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Journal of Philosophy 20.11: 301–306.

De Laguna, Theodore. 1930. “On Keynes’ Theory of Probability,” The Philosophical Review 39.3: 227–242.

Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 85.1: 107–113.

Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro. 1922. “The Philosophy of Chance,” Mind n.s. 31.123: 257–283.

Fisher, R. A. 1923. “Mr. Keynes’s Treatise on Probability,” Eugenics Review 14: 46–50.

Foster, William S. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The American Journal of Psychology 33.3: 439–442.

Joseph, H. W. B. 1923. “Mr. Keynes on Probability,” Mind n.s. 32.128: 408–431.

Lewis, Clarence Irving. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Philosophical Review 31.2: 180–186.

Pigou, A. C. 1921. “A Treatise on Probability,” The Economic Journal 31.124: 507–512.

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1922. “Mr. Keynes on Probability,” Cambridge Magazine 1.1: 3–5. [Reprinted in Ramsey 1989.]

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1926. “Truth and Probability,” in The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, London.

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1989. “Mr Keynes on Probability,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40: 219–222.

Russell, Bertrand. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Mathematical Gazette 11.159: 119–125. [Reprinted in Russell 1948.]

Russell, Bertrand. 1948. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Mathematical Gazette 32.300: 152–159.

Sheppard, W. F. 1923. “Probability and Statistics,” The Mathematical Gazette 11.167: 405–409.

Wilson, E. B. 1923. “Keynes on Probability,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 29.7: 319–322.

Wolf, A. 1922. “Studies in Probability. I. Probability,” Economica 4: 87–97.

KEYNES AND PROBABILITY
Basili, Marcello and Carlo Zappia. 2009. “Keynes’s ‘Non-Numerical’ Probabilities and Non-Additive Measures,” Journal of Economic Psychology 30.3: 419–430.

Basili, Marcello and Carlo Zappia. 2010. “Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Ellsberg and Shackle,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 34: 449–474.

Bateman, Bradley W. 1987. “Keynes’s Changing Conception of Probability,” Economics and Philosophy 3: 97-119.

Bateman, Bradley W. 1988. “G. E. Moore and J. M. Keynes: A Missing Chapter in the History of the Expected Utility Model,” American Economic Review 78: 1098–1106.

Bateman, Bradley W. 1996. Keynes’s Uncertain Revolution. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1983. The Foundation of Keynes’s Macrotheory: His Logical Theory of Probability and its Application in the General Theory and After, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1987. “J. M. Keynes’ Theory of Evidential Weight: Its Relation to Information Processing Theory and Application in the General Theory,” Synthese 71: 37–60.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1988. “J. M. Keynes’s Position on the General Applicability of Mathematical, Logical and Statistical Methods in Economics and Social Science,” Synthese 76.1: 1–24.

Brady, Michael Emmett and Howard B. Lee, 1989. “Dynamics of Choice Behavior: The Logical Relation between Linear Objective Probability and Nonlinear Subjective Probability,” Psychological Reports 64: 91-97.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1993. “J. M. Keynes’s Theoretical Approach to Decision-Making under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44.2: 357–376.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1994. “On the Application of J. M. Keynes’s Approach to Decision Making,” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8.2: 99–112.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2010. “A Comparison-Contrast of Adam Smith, J.M. Keynes and Jeremy Bentham on Probability, Risk, Uncertainty, Optimism-Pessimism and Decision Making with Applications Concerning Banking, Insurance and Speculation,” SSRN Working Paper Series.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1728225

Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogério Arthmar, 2010. “Keynes’ Lower-Upper Bound Interval Approach to Probability,” SSRN Working Paper Series (February 2).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1546726

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2010. “How to Use Keynes’s Conventional Coefficient of Risk and Weight, c, to clear up Misunderstandings and Confusions about Keynes’s Views on the use on his Principle of Indifference Versus the use of Laplace’s Principle of Nonsufficient Reason,” SSRN Working Paper Series (November 27).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1716043

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2011. “Comparing J. M. Keynes’s and F. von Hayek’s Differing Definitions of Uncertainty as it relates to Knowledge: Keynes’s Unavailable or Missing Knowledge Concept versus Hayek’s Dispersal of Knowledge Concept,” SSRN Working Paper Series.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1751569

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2011. “Keynes, Mathematics and Probability: A Reappraisal,” SSRN Working Paper Series, August 31.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1920569

Brady, Michael Emmett. 2011. “The ‘Early’ Logical Empiricism of J. M. Keynes versus the Rhetoric of Subjectivism,” SSRN Working Paper Series, August 31
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1920578

Brady, Michael Emmett. 2012. “John Maynard Keynes’s Upper and Lower Valued Probabilities: A Study of How Statisticians, Philosophers, Logicians, Historians, and Economists Failed to Comprehend Keynes’s Breakthrough Application of G.Boole’s Interval Approach to Probability in the 20th Century,” January 30
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1996129

Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogério Arthmar. 2012. “Keynes, Boole and the Interval Approach to Probability,” History of Economic Ideas 20.3: 65–84.

Carabelli, Anna M. 1988. On Keynes’s Method, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Carabelli, Anna M. 2002. “Speculation and Reasonableness: a non-Bayesian Theory of Rationality,” in S. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.), Keynes, Uncertainty and the Global Economy: Beyond Keynes (Vol. 2), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA. 165–185.

Cottrell, A. 1993. “Keynes’s Theory of Probability and its Relevance to His Economics: Three Theses,” Economics and Philosophy 9: 25–51.

Crocco, M. 2000. “The Future’s Unknowability: Keynes’s Probability, Probable Knowledge and the Decision to Innovate,” in F. Louçã and M. Perlman (eds.), Is Economics an Evolutionary Science? Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Crocco, M. 2002. “The Concept of Degrees of Uncertainty in Keynes, Shackle, and Davidson,” Nova Economia 12.2: 11–28.

Davis, John B. 1994. Keynes’s Philosophical Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Davis, John B. 2003. “The Relationship between Keynes’s Early and Later Philosophical Thinking,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 100–110.

Davidson, P. 1982–1983. “Rational Expectations: A Fallacious Foundation for Studying Crucial Decision-making Processes,” Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics 5.2: 182–198.

Davidson, Paul. 1991. “Is Probability Theory Relevant for Uncertainty? A Post Keynesian Perspective,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5.1: 129–143.

De Carvalho, Fernando J. Cardim. 1988. “Keynes on Probability, Uncertainty, and Decision Making,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 66–81.

Dequech, David. 1997. “Uncertainty in a Strong Sense: Meaning and Sources,” Economic Issues 2.2: 21–43.

Dequech, David. 2008. “Varieties of Uncertainty: A Survey of the Economic Literature,”
http://ideas.repec.org/p/anp/en2008/200807211223070.html

Dequech, David. 2011. “Uncertainty: A Typology and Refinements of Existing Concepts,” Journal of Economic Issues 45.3: 621–640.

Dickens, Edwin. 2008. “Keynes’s Theory of Probability, Investment Behaviour, and Behavioral Finance,” in L. Randall Wray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), Keynes and Macroeconomics After 70 years: Critical Assessments of the General Theory, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

Dow, Sheila C. 1994. “Uncertainty,” in Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy. Edward Elgar, Aldershot. 434–438.

Dow, Sheila C. 1995. “Uncertainty about Uncertainty,” in S. C. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.). Keynes, Knowledge and Uncertainty. Edward Elgar, Aldershot. 117–127.

Dow, Sheila C. 2012. “Uncertainty about Uncertainty,” in Sheila C. Dow, Foundations for New Economic Thinking: A Collection of Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. 72–82.

Dow, Sheila C. 2012. Foundations for New Economic Thinking: A Collection of Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Ellsberg, Daniel. 1961. “Risk, Ambiguity and the Savage Axioms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 75: 643–669.

Ellsberg, Daniel. 2001. Risk, Ambiguity and Decision. Garland, New York and London.

Feduzi, Alberto. 2007. “On the Relationship between Keynes’s Conception of Evidential Weight and the Ellsberg Paradox,” Journal of Economic Psychology 28: 545–565.

Fioretti, G. 2003. “No Faith, No Conversion: The Evolution of Keynes’s Ideas on Uncertainty under the Influence of Johannes von Kries,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 130–139.

Fitzgibbons, Athol. 1988. Keynes’s Vision: A New Political Economy, Clarendon, Oxford.

Gerrard, B. 2003. “Keynesian Uncertainty: What Do We Know?,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 239–251.

Gillies, Donald. 2006. “Keynes and Probability,” in R. Backhouse and B. Bateman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Keynes Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. 199-216.

Gillies, D. A. 2003. “Probability and Uncertainty in Keynes’s General Theory,” in J. Runde and S. Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’s Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London. 111–129.

Gilles, Dostaler. 2007. Keynes and his Battles. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Hailperin, Theodore. 1986. Boole’s Logic and Probability: A Critical Exposition from the Standpoint of Contemporary Algebra, Logic, and Probability Theory (2nd rev. edn.), North-Holland, Amsterdam and New York.

Jespersen, Jesper. 2009. Macroeconomic Methodology: A Post-Keynesian Perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. Appendix 1. pp.126–131

Kelsey D. and J. Quiggin. 1992. “Theories of Choice under Ignorance and Uncertainty,” Journal of Economic Surveys 6.2: 133-153.

Keynes, J. M. 1921. A Treatise on Probability (1st edn.), Macmillan, London.

Keynes, J. M. 1930. “F. P. Ramsey,” The Economic Journal 40.157: 153–154.

Keynes, J. M. 1931. “Ramsey as a Philosopher,” The New Statesman and Nation, 3 October.

Keynes, J. M. 1937. “The General Theory of Employment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 51: 209–223.

Lavoie, M. 2009. An Introduction to Post-Keynesian Economics (rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Lawson, Tony. 1985. “Uncertainty and Economic Analysis,” Economic Journal 95: 909–927.

Lawson, Tony. 1988. “Probability and Uncertainty in Economic Analysis,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 38–65.

Lawson, Tony. 1993. “Keynes and Conventions,” Cambridge University Review of Social Economy 51: 174–200.

McCann, Charles R. 1994. Probability Foundations of Economic Theory. Routledge, London.

McCann, Charles, R. 2003. “On the Nature of Keynesian Probability,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 37–45.

Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1997. Fractals and Scaling in Finance: Discontinuity, Concentration, Risk. Springer, New York.

Mandelbrot, Benoit B. and Richard L. Hudson. 2004. The (Mis)behavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin, and Reward. Basic Books, New York.

Meeks, J. G. T. 1991. “Keynes on the Rationality of Decision Procedures under Uncertainty: The Investment Decision,” in J. G. T. Meeks (ed.), Thoughtful Economic Man: Essays on Rationality, Moral Rules and Benevolence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 126–160.

Moggridge, D. E. 1992. Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, Routledge, London. pp. 143–166.

Narayanan, Sunder. 1994. “Comments on M. E. Brady’s Extension to J. M. Keynes’ Decision Rule,” Psychological Reports 75.1: 126.

O’Donnell, R. M. 1989. Keynes: Philosophy, Economics and Politics: The Philosophical Foundations of Keynes’s Thought and their Influence on his Economics and Politics, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

O’Donnel, R. 2003. “The Thick and the Think of Controversy,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 85–99.

Ramsey, F. P. 1989 [1922]. “Mr Keynes on Probability,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40.2: 219–222.

Roncaglia, Alessandro. 2009. “Keynes and Probability: An Assessment,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16.3: 489–510.

Rotheim, Roy J. 1988. “Keynes and the Language of Probability and Uncertainty,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 82–99.

Rowbottom, D. P. 2007. “The Insufficiency of the Dutch Book Argument,” Studia Logica 87.1: 65–71.

Runde, Jochen. 1990. “Keynesian Uncertainty and the Weight of Arguments,” Economics and Philosophy 6.2: 275–292.

Runde, Jochen. 1991. “Keynesian Uncertainty and Stability of Beliefs,” Review of Political Economy 3: 125–145.

Runde, Jochen. 1994. “Keynes After Ramsey—In Defence of A Treatise on Probability,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25.1: 97–121.

Runde, Jochen. 1995. “Risk, Uncertainty and Bayesian Decision Theory: A Keynesian View,” in S. C. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.), Keynes, Knowledge and Uncertainty. Edward Elgar, Aldershot, UK. 197–210.

Runde, Jochen. 1995. “Chances and Choices: Some Notes on Probability and Belief in Economic Theory,” The Monist 78: 330–351.

Runde, Jochen. 1998. “Frank Knight’s Discussion of the Meaning of Risk and Uncertainty,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 22.5: 539–546.

Runde, Jochen. 2000. “Shackle on Probability,” in Stephen F. Frowen and Peter Earl (eds.), Economics as an Art of Thought: Essays in Memory of G. L. S. Shackle. Routledge, New York.

Runde, Jochen and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.). 2003. The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York.

Ryder, J. M. 1981. “Consequences of a Simple Extension of the Dutch Book Argument,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32.2: 164–167.

Syll, Lars Pålsson. 2007. John Maynard Keynes. SNS Förlag, Stockholm.

Skidelsky, R. J. A. 1992. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937 (vol. 2), Macmillan, London.

A Bibliography on the History of Post Keynesian Economics (updated)

I have recently done a diagram here of the various strands of Post Keynesian economics, and that diagram allows one to get a feel for the history of the Post Keynesian school as well.

To supplement this, I have complied a bibliography below of books and articles on the history of Post Keynesianism, which I have now updated:

Ambrosi, Gerhard Michael. 2003. Keynes, Pigou and Cambridge Keynesians: Authenticity and Analytical Perspective in the Keynes-Classics Debate. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Arestis, P. 1996. “Post-Keynesian Economics: Towards Coherence,” Cambridge journal of Economics 20.1: 111–135.

Arestis, Philip, Dunn, Stephen P. and Malcolm Sawyer. 1999. “Post Keynesian Economics and its Critics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 21.4: 527–549.

Davidson, Paul. 2003–2004. “Setting the Record Straight on ‘A History of Post Keynesian Economics,’” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 26.2 245–272.

Davidson, Paul. 2005. “Galbraith and the Post Keynesians,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 28.1: 103–113.

Davidson, Paul. 2005. “Responses to Lavoie, King, and Dow on what Post Keynesianism is and who is a Post Keynesian,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 393–408.

Davidson, Paul. 2013. “Keynesian Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economics,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York. 122–137.

Dunn, S. P. 2000. “Wither Post Keynesianism?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.3: 343–364.

Fontana, Giuseppe. 2005. “‘A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936’: Some Hard (and not so Hard) Questions for the Future,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 409–421.

Hamouda, O. F. and Geoffrey Colin Harcourt. 1988. “Post-Keynesianism: From Criticism to Coherence?,” Bulletin of Economic Research 40.1: 1–33.

Hamouda, O. F. and Geoffrey Colin Harcourt. 2003 [1988]. “Post-Keynesianism: From Criticism to Coherence?,” in Claudio Sardoni (ed.), On Political Economists and Modern Political Economy: Selected Essays of G. C. Harcourt. Routledge, London. 209–232.

Harcourt, G. C. 2001. “Post-Keynesian Thought,” in G. C. Harcourt, 50 Years a Keynesian and Other Essays. Palgrave, London. 263–285.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin. 2006. The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin and Prue Kerr. 2009. Joan Robinson. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.

Hayes, M. G. 2010. “The Fault Line between Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A Review Essay,” Review of Political Economy 22:1: 151–160.

King, J. E. 1994. Conversations with Post Keynesians. Macmillan, Basingstoke.

King, J. E. 2002. A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

King, J. E. 2005. “Unwarping the Record: A Reply to Paul Davidson,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 377–384.

King, J. E. 2009. Nicholas Kaldor. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York.

King, J. E. 2012. “Post Keynesians and Others,” Review of Political Economy 24.2: 305–319.

Kregel, Jan. 2013. “A Personal View of the Origins of Post-Keynesian Ideas in the History of Economics,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 1: Theory and Origins. Oxford University Press, New York. 45–50.

Lavoie, Marc. 2005. “Changing Definitions: A Comment on Davidson’s Critique of King’s History of Post Keynesianism,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 371–376.

Lavoie, Marc. 2010. “Should Sraffian economics be dropped out of the Post-Keynesian School?,” Paper prepared for the Conference at the University of Roma Tre, 2–4 December.
http://host.uniroma3.it/eventi/sraffaconference2010/abstracts/pp_lavoie.pdf

Lavoie, Marc. 2011. “History and Methods of Post-Keynesian Economics,” in Eckhard Hein and Engelbert Stockhammer (eds.), A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 1–33.

Lavoie, Marc. 2014. “To which of the Five Streams of Post-Keynesianism does John King belong?”
http://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/cses/pdfs/lavoie-paper.pdf

Lee, Frederic S. 2009. A History of Heterodox Economics: Challenging the Mainstream in the Twentieth Century. Routledge, London and New York.

Mongiovi, G. 2003. “Sraffian Economics,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 318–322.

Pasinetti, Luigi L. 2007. Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A ‘Revolution in Economics’ to be Accomplished. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Roncaglia, A. 1991. “The Sraffian Schools,” Review of Political Economy 3.2: 187–220.

Thirlwall, A. P. 1987. Nicholas Kaldor. Wheatsheaf Books, Brighton, England.

Tymoigne, Eric and Frederic S. Lee. 2003–2004. “Post Keynesian Economics since 1936: A History of a Promise That Bounced?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 26.2: 273–287.

Walters, B. and D. Young. 1997. “On the Coherence of Post-Keynesian Economics,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 44.3: 329–349.

A Bibliography on Logic and Reasoning

These provide excellent introductions to logic, formal deductive and inductive argument, and reasoning:

Copi, Irving, Cohen, Carl and Kenneth McMahon. 2011. Introduction to Logic (14th edn.). Prentice Hall, Boston, Mass. and London.

Hacking, Ian. 2001. An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Lipton, Peter. 2004. Inference to the Best Explanation (2nd edn.). Routledge, London.

Lipton, Peter. 2007. “Précis of Inference to the Best Explanation, 2nd Edition,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 74.2: 421–423.

Manktelow, K. I. 2012. Thinking and Reasoning: An Introduction to the Psychology of Reason, Judgment and Decision Making. Psychology Press, Hove, East Sussex and New York.

Pirie, Madsen. 2007. How to Win every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. Continuum, London.

Skyrms, B. 2000. Choice and Chance (4th edn.). Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.

Soccio, Douglas J. and Vincent E. Barry. 1997. Practical Logic: An Antidote for Uncritical Thinking (5th edn.). Cengage Learning.

Bennett, Bo. 2012. Logically Fallacious: The Ultimate Collection of Over 300 Logical Fallacies. AueBookIt.com.

Buonomano, Dean. 2011. Brain Bugs: How the Brain’s Flaws Shape our Lives. W.W. Norton, New York and London.

For mathematics and reasoning, see:

Seife, Charles. 2010. Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception. Viking, New York.

Paulos, John Allen. 1990. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences. Penguin, London.

On statistics and its pitfalls, see:

Bram, Uri. 2012. Thinking Statistically (2nd edn.). Createspace.

For a longer bibliography on inductive reasoning, see:

John M. Vickers, “Inductive Reasoning,” Oxford Bibliographies.

Of course, inductive reasoning is strongly related to probability (and, above all, epistemic probability). Good introductions to probability include the following:

Galavotti, M. C. 2005. Philosophical Introduction to Probability. CSLI Publications, Stanford.

Gillies, D. 2000. Philosophical Theories of Probability. Routledge, London.

Hacking, Ian. 2006. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (2nd rev. edn.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Hacking, Ian. 2001. An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Mellor, D. H. 2005. Probability: A Philosophical Introduction. Routledge, London.

Informal logical fallacies present an omnipresent problem in argument and reasoning, and these can be divided into:

(1) Fallacies of relevance;
(2) Fallacies of defective induction;
(3) Fallacies of presumption;
(4) Fallacies of ambiguity (sophism).

A detailed list of the fallacies can be seen here:

(1) Fallacies of Relevance

Irrelevant Appeals

Appeal to emotion (argument ad populum)

Appeal to pity (argument ad misericordiam)

Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)

Appeal to Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)

Appeal to nature (argument from nature)

Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignoratiam)

Red herring fallacy

Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi)

Straw man argument

Ad Hominem Argument

Poisoning the well

Guilt by association

Naturalistic fallacy

Moralistic Fallacy

Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio)

Genetic fallacy

Gambler’s Fallacy

Tu quoque

(2) Fallacies of defective induction

Argument from Ignorance (ad ignorantiam)

Appeal to Inappropriate Authority (ad verecundiam)

False cause

Hasty generalization

Faulty generalization

Other inductive fallacies

Slothful induction

Overwhelming exception

Biased sample

Misleading vividness

Statistical special pleading

(3) Fallacies of presumption (fallacies of illegitimate presumption)

Complex question

False cause

Begging the question

Accident

Converse accident

No True Scotsman Fallacy (fallacy of ambiguity and presumption)

(4) Fallacies of ambiguity (sophisms)

Fallacy of equivocation

Fallacy of amphiboly

Fallacy of accent

Fallacy of composition

Fallacy of Division

Other fallacies relevant to economics include the following:

(1) Paradox of thrift/saving
(2) Paradox of costs
(3) Paradox of debt
(4) Paradox of liquidity
(5) Paradox of tranquillity (Minsky).

Links
“Informal Logical Fallacies and Cognitive Biases,” June 28, 2011.

External Links
Bradley Dowden, “Fallacies,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Changing minds and persuasion
http://changingminds.org/

List of cognitive biases
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

Edward Feser,“What is an ad hominem Fallacy?,” April 18, 2013.

Bibliography on ceteris paribus Laws

Below is a bibliography on the specialist literature on ceteris paribus laws. Earman and Roberts (1999) is a good review of the modern debate, and they also argue that the laws of nature as described by physics are not ceteris paribus laws at all, and that .

One should note that the very existence of valid ceteris paribus laws in either the natural sciences or social sciences is vigorously disputed, and the recent debate includes a special issue of the philosophical journal Erkenntnis (57.3 [2002]) devoted to the whole controversy.

Some philosophers go so far as to argue that true ceteris paribus laws do not exist (Schiffer 1991; Earman and Roberts 1999; Earman, Roberts and Smith 2002; Woodward 2002), and others that the social sciences have no laws at all analogous to the laws of nature in the natural sciences (see Roberts 2004).

In contrast, those who defend ceteris paribus laws often contend that these laws are really counterfactual conditional statements (“if x, then y”).

No doubt there are many counterfactual conditionals that are meaningful and valid, and some that are not, and the question would then become: what ceteris paribus laws really are meaningful and valid? It does not follow, if one really accepts that ceteris paribus laws are conceptually valid in principle, that all postulated ceteris paribus laws – such certain laws in economics – really are valid and empirically meaningful. The issue remains an epistemological question, and one could argue that a number of alleged economic laws must be reformulated only as generalisations, often with numerous or significant exceptions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Blaug, Mark. 1992. The Methodology of Economics, or, How Economists Explain (2nd edn.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Cartwright, Nancy. 1995. “Ceteris paribus Laws and Socio-Economic Machines,” Monist 78: 276–294.

Cartwright, Nancy. 2002. “In Favor of Laws that are not ceteris paribus after all,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 425–439.

De Marchi, Neil. 1988. “Popper and the LSE Economists,” in Neil De Marchi (ed.), The Popperian Legacy in Economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 139–166.

Earman, John, Glymour, Clark and Sandra Mitchell. 2002. “Editorial,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 277–280.

Earman, John and Roberts, J. 1999. “‘Ceteris paribus,’ There is No Problem of Provisos,” Synthese 118.3: 439–478.

Earman, John, Roberts, John and Sheldon Smith. 2002. “Ceteris Paribus Lost,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 281–301.

Elgin, M. and E. Sober. 2002. “Cartwright on Explanation and Idealization,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 441–450.

Eliot, Christopher H. 2011. “Hempel’s Provisos and Ceteris Paribus Clauses,” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 42.2: 207–218.

Fodor, J. 1991. “You can fool some of the People all the Time, Everything else being equal: Hedged Laws and Psychological Explanations,” Mind 100: 19–34.

Glymour, Clark. 2002. “A Semantics and Methodology for Ceteris Paribus Hypotheses,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 395–405.

Hausman, Daniel M. 2003 [rev. 2012]. “Philosophy of Economics,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/economics/

Hempel, Carl G. 1988. “Provisoes: A Problem concerning the Inferential Function of Scientific Theories,” Erkenntnis 28.2: 147–164.

Hempel, Carl G. 1988. “Provisoes: A Problem concerning the Inferential Function of Scientific Laws,” in A. Grunbaum and W. C. Salmon (eds.), The Limits of Deductivism. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 19–36.

Kaufer, E. 1997. “Reply to Persky,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11.2: 190–191.

Kincaid, Harold. 2004. “There are Laws in the Social Sciences,” in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science. Blackwell, Oxford. 168–185.

Lange, M. 1993. “Natural Laws and the Problem of Provisos,” Erkenntnis 38: 233–248.

Lange, M. 1993. “Lawlikeness,” Nous 27: 1-21.

Lange, Marc. 2002. “Who’s afraid of ceteris-paribus Laws? Or: How I learned to stop worrying and love them,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 407–423.

Lange, Marc. 2008. “Laws of Nature,” in Stathis Psillos and Martin Curd (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Routledge, London. 203–212.

Lipton, P. 1999. “All else being equal,” Philosophy 74: 155–168.

Mitchell, Sandra D. 2002. “Ceteris Paribus: An Inadequate Representation for Biological Contingency,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 329–350.

Morreau, M. 1999. “Other things being equal,” Philosophical Studies 96: 163–182.

Persky, Joseph. 1990. “Ceteris Paribus,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 4.2: 187–193.

Pietroski, P. and Rey, G. 1995. “When other things aren’t equal: Saving ceteris paribus Laws from Vacuity,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46: 81–110.

Reutlinger, A., Schurz, G. and A. Hüttemann. 2011. “Ceteris Paribus Laws,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ceteris-paribus/

Roberts, John T. 2004. “There are No Laws in the Social Sciences,” in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science. Blackwell, Oxford. 151–167.

Rol, Menno. 2012. “On ceteris paribus Laws in Economics (and Elsewhere): Why do Social Sciences Matter to Each Other?,” Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 5.2: 27–53.

Rosenberg, Alexander. 1992. Economics: Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns?. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.

Schiffer, 1991. “Ceteris paribus Laws,” Mind 100: 1–17.

Schurz, Gerhard. 2002. “Ceteris Paribus Laws: Classification and Deconstruction,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 351–372.

Spohn, Wolfgang. 2002. “Laws, Ceteris Paribus Conditions, and the Dynamics of Belief,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 373–394.

Woodward, Jim. 2002. “There is no Such Thing as a ceteris paribus Law,” Erkenntnis 57.3: 303–328.

Bibliography on Uncertainty in Post Keynesian Economics (Updated)

Below is an updated bibliography on uncertainty in Post Keynesian economics.

BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS
Barkley Rosser, J. 2001. “Uncertainty and Expectations,” in R. P. F. Holt and S. Pressman (eds), 2001. A New Guide to Post Keynesian Economics. Routledge, London and New York. 52–64.

Boylan, Tom and Paschal O’Gorman. “Post-Keynesian Economics, Rationality, and Conventions,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 2: Critiques and Methodology. Oxford University Press, New York. 62–79.

Davidson, P. 2004. “Uncertainty and Monetary Policy,” in P. Mooslechner, H. Schuberth, M. Schürz (eds), Economic Policy under Uncertainty: The Role of Truth and Accountability in Policy Advice. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

Dunn, S. P. 2008. The ‘Uncertain’ Foundations of Post Keynesian Economics. Routledge, London.

Dunn, S. P. 2012. “Non-Ergodicity,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. 434–439.

Gerrard, B. 1994. “Animal Spirits,” in P. Arestis and M. Sawyer (eds), The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy. Elgar, Aldershot. 15–19.

Glickman, M. 2003. “Uncertainty,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. E. Elgar Pub., Cheltenham, UK and Northhampton, MA. 366–370.

King, J. E. 2002. A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. Chapter 9, pp. 181–202.

Langlois, R. 1994. “Risk and Uncertainty,” in Peter J. Boettke (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. E. Elgar, Aldershot. 118–122.

McCann, Charles R. 1994. Probability Foundations of Economic Theory. Routledge, London.

O’Donnell, Rod. 2013. “Two Post-Keynesian Approaches to Uncertainty and Irreducible Uncertainty,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics. Volume 2: Critiques and Methodology. Oxford University Press, New York. 124–142.

Runde, Jochen. 2000. “Shackle on Probability,” in Stephen F. Frowen and Peter Earl (eds.), Economics as an Art of Thought: Essays in Memory of G. L. S. Shackle. Routledge, New York.

Shackle, George L. S. 1955. Uncertainty in Economics and Other Reflections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Skidelsky, R. 2009. Keynes: The Return of the Master. Perseus Books Group, New York. Chapter 4.

Voss, Stefan. 2012. “When Keynes and Minsky meet Mandelbrot …,” in Jesper Jespersen and Mogens Ove Madsen (eds.), Keynes’s General Theory for Today: Contemporary Perspectives. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 113–130.

ARTICLES
Barkley Rosser, J. 2001. “Alternative Keynesian and Post Keynesian Perspectives on Uncertainty and Expectations,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 23.4: 545–566.

Brady, Michael Emmett. “The Economic Consequences of G. L. S. Shackle’s Ignorance of Keynes’s Theory of Probability, Uncertainty, and Decision Making,” SSRN paper
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2309259

Crocco, M. 2002. “The Concept of Degrees of Uncertainty in Keynes, Shackle, and Davidson,” Nova Economia 12.2: 11–28.

Davidson, P. 1982–1983. “Rational Expectations: A Fallacious Foundation for Studying Crucial Decision Making Processes,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 5.2: 182–198.

Davidson, P. 1988. “A Technical Definition of Uncertainty and the Long Run Non-Neutrality of Money,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 12: 329–337.

Davidson, P. 1991. “Is Probability Theory Relevant for Uncertainty? A Post Keynesian Perspective,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5.1: 129–143.

Davidson, P. 1993. “The Elephant and the Butterfly: Or Hysteresis and Post Keynesian Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 15.3: 309–322.

Davidson, P. 1996. “Reality and Economic Theory,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 18.4: 479–508.

Davidson, P. 2010. “Black Swans and Knight’s Epistemological Uncertainty: Are These Concepts also Underlying Behavioral and Post-Walrasian Theory?” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32.4: 567–570.

Dempster, G. M. 1999. “Austrians and Post Keynesians: The Questions of Ignorance and Uncertainty,” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 2.4: 73–81.

Dequech, D. 1999. “Expectations and Confidence under Uncertainty,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 21.3: 415–430.

Dequech, David. 2000. “Fundamental Uncertainty and Ambiguity,” Eastern Economic Journal 26.1: 41–60.

Dequech, David. 2008. “Varieties of Uncertainty: A Survey of the Economic Literature,”
http://ideas.repec.org/p/anp/en2008/200807211223070.html

Dequech, David. 2011. “Uncertainty: A Typology and Refinements of Existing Concepts,” Journal of Economic Issues 45.3: 621–640.

Dixon, R. 1986. “Uncertainty, Unobstructedness, and Power,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 8.4: 585–590.

Dunn, S. P. 2001. “Bounded Rationality is not Fundamental Uncertainty: A Post Keynesian Perspective,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 23.4: 567–587.

Feduzi, Alberto, Runde, Jochen and Carlo Zappia. 2014. “De Finetti on Uncertainty,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 38.1: 1–21.

Ferderer, J. P. 1993. “Does Uncertainty Affect Investment Spending?” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 16.1: 19–35.

Ferrari-Filho, F. and O. A. Camargo Conceição. 2005. “The Concept of Uncertainty in Post Keynesian Theory and in Institutional Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues 39.3: 579–594.

Fontana, G. and B. Gerrard, 2004. “A Post Keynesian Theory of Decision Making Under Uncertainty,” Journal of Economic Psychology 25: 619–637.

Glickman, M. 1994. “The Concept of Information, Intractable Uncertainty, and the Current State of the ‘Efficient Markets’ Theory: A Post Keynesian View,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 16.3: 325–349.

Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2011. “The Eclipse of the Uncertainty Concept in Mainstream Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues 45.1: 159–175.

Hoogduin, L. 1987. “On the Difference between the Keynesian, Knightian and the ‘Classical’ Analysis of Uncertainty and the Development of a More General Monetary Theory,” De Economist 135.1: 52–65.

Keynes, J. M. 1937. “The General Theory of Employment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 51: 209–223.

Koppl, R. 1991. “Retrospectives: Animal Spirits,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5.3: 203–210.

Kregel, J. A. 1976. “Economic Methodology in the Face of Uncertainty: The Modelling Methods of Keynes and the Post-Keynesians,” Economic Journal 86.342: 209–225.

Lawson, T. 1985. “Uncertainty and Economic Analysis,” Economic Journal 95: 909–927.

Lawson, T. 1988. “Probability and Uncertainty in Economic Analysis,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 38–65.

Minsky, H. P. and C. J. Whalen, 1996–1997. “Economic Insecurity and the Institutional Prerequisites for Successful Capitalism,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 19.2: 155–170.

Ravetz, J. 1994–1995. “Economics as an Elite Folk Science: The Suppression of Uncertainty,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 17.2: 165–184.

Runde, Jochen. 1994. “Keynesian Uncertainty and Liquidity Preference,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 18.2: 129–144.

Runde, Jochen. 1998. “Clarifying Frank Knight’s Discussion of the Meaning of Risk and Uncertainty,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 22.5: 539–546.

Rutherford, M. 1984. “Rational Expectations and Keynesian Uncertainty: A Critique,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 6.3: 377–387.

Schinckus, C. 2009. “Economic Uncertainty and Econophysics,” Physica A 388.20: 4415–4423.

Setterfield, M. 1998. “Path Dependency and Animal Spirits: A Reply,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 21.1: 167–170.

Shackle, G. L. S. 1949. “Probability and Uncertainty,” Metroeconomica 1.3: 161–173.

Stohs, Mark. 1980. “‘Uncertainty’ in Keynes’ General Theory,” History of Political Economy 12.3: 372–382.

Terzi, A. 2010. “Keynes’s Uncertainty is not about White or Black Swans,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32.4: 559–565.

A Bibliography on Inference to the Best Explanation

The three major types of argument are as follows:

(1) Deduction, yielding necessary truth (e.g., various types of syllogism)
(2) Induction, yielding probable truth, and further divided into

(1) induction by simple enumeration;
(2) inductive argument by analogy;
(3) statistical syllogism, and
(4) induction to a particular.

(3) Inference to the best explanation (similar to abduction), yielding probable truth.

Induction is the main form of non-deductive reasoning, and, although there are some philosophers following Popper who maintain that Hume’s problem of induction is unsolvable and science can do without induction (Musgrave 1999; Musgrave 2004), these Popperian philosophers are firmly in the minority in their views on induction.

The general type of induction is “universal inference” or “universal generalisation” (the old Latin term for this was a particulari ad universale), but there are many more types of inductive reasoning.

At (3), we have “inference to the best explanation,” an expression with its origin in Harman (1965), and with good accounts of this given in Lipton (2004) and (2007). This is frequently considered a form of inductive argument, but some classify it as a sui generis form of reasoning, so I have put it in a separate category. Whatever the classification one choices, however, inference to the best explanation is widely regarded as an important and legitimate form of reasoning and firmly in the same general category as induction as a method of argument that yields non-necessary truth.

The inference to the best explanation starts out with an event, an effect or phenomenon a, and looks at the explanations that are possible, and judges that an explanation or theory b is the most probable explanation of a because it is the best and most powerful explanation as opposed to its competitors.

In that sense, inference to the best explanation moves from facts (or effects considered as facts) to a probable explanation of them.

There can be many criteria for deciding which explanation is best, such as if it is observed in similar cases to the one at hand, whether it can make accurate predictions and retrodictions, whether it has the virtue of greater simplicity as opposed to competing theories.

Inference to the best explanation provides the best type of argument for defending an indirect realist ontology of the external world, the real existence of the past, the principle of the uniformity of nature, and as a way of overcoming Hume’s problem of induction. Curiously, the most prominent critics of inference to the best explanation are anti-realists (e.g., van Fraassen 1980).

Although inference to the best explanation seems similar to Charles Sanders Peirce’s principle of abduction, the latter is perhaps best considered an early version of inference to the best explanation, but not exactly the same thing (Campos 2011; Hintikka 1998; Minnameier 2004).

Internet Links
“Abduction,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, March 9, 2011
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campos, Daniel. 2011. “On the Distinction between Peirce’s Abduction and Lipton’s Inference to the Best Explanation,” Synthese: An International Journal for Epistemology, Methodology and Philosophy of Science 180.3: 419–442.

Ennis, Robert H. 1968. “Enumerative Induction and Best Explanation,” The Journal of Philosophy 65.18: 523–529.

Fumerton, Richard. 2010. “Inference to the Best Explanation,” in Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.), A Companion to Epistemology (2nd edn.). Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA. 445–447.

Harman, Gilbert H. 1965. “The Inference to the Best Explanation,” The Philosophical Review 74.1: 88–95.

Harman, Gilbert H. 1968. “Enumerative Induction as Inference to the Best Explanation,” The Journal of Philosophy 65.18: 529–533.

Hintikka, Jaakko. 1998. “What is Abduction? The Fundamental Problem of Contemporary Epistemology,” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 34.3: 503–533.

Lipton, Peter. 2004. Inference to the Best Explanation (2nd edn.). Routledge, London.

Lipton, Peter. 2007. “Précis of Inference to the Best Explanation, 2nd Edition,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 74.2: 421–423.

Minnameier, Gerhard. 2004. “Peirce-Suit of Truth: Why Inference to the Best Explanation and Abduction ought not to be Confused,” Erkenntnis 60.1: 75–105.

Musgrave, Alan. 1988. “The Ultimate Argument for Scientific Realism,” in R. Nola (ed.), Relativism and Realism in Science. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht. 229–252.

Musgrave, Alan. 2004. “How Popper [Might Have] Solved the Problem of Induction,” Philosophy 79.307: 19–31.

Musgrave, Alan. 2006. “The ‘Miracle Argument’ For Scientific Realism,” Rutherford Journal 2
http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article020108.html

Okasha, S. 2000. “Van Fraassen’s Critique of Inference to the Best Explanation,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 31: 691–710.

Ostien, Philip A. 1974. “God, Other Minds, and the Inference to the Best Explanation,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 4.1: 149–162.

Peirce, C. S. 1955. “Abduction and Induction,” in J. Buchler (ed.), Philosophical Writings of Peirce. Dover, New York. 150–156.

van Fraassen, Bas C. 1980. The Scientific Image. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Vogel, Jonathan. 1990. “Cartesian Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation,” The Journal of Philosophy 87.11: 658–666.

Weintraub, Ruth. 2013. “Induction and Inference to the Best Explanation,” Philosophical Studies 166.1: 203–216.

A Bibliography on Austrian Price Theory

Since I have been concerned with Post Keynesian price theory in recent months, here below is a short bibliography of Austrian price theory for the interested reader.

Austrian price theory – like the worst forms of neoclassical price theory – is flawed by its inability to understand real world administered price setting and the consequences of this.

General
High, J. 1994. “The Austrian Theory of Price,” in Peter J. Boettke (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. E. Elgar, Aldershot. 151–155.

Miller, Stephen C. 2010. “Price: The Ultimate Heuristic,” in Peter J. Boettke (ed.), Handbook on Contemporary Austrian Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton, Mass. 67–76.

Callahan, Gene. 2004. Economics for Real People. Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala.

Taylor, Thomas C. 1980. An Introduction to Austrian Economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala. pp. 52–62.

Vaughn, K. I. 1994. Austrian Economics in America: The Migration of a Tradition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Menger
Endres, A. M. 1995. “Carl Menger’s Theory of Price Formation Reconsidered,” History of Political Economy 27.2: 261–287.

Endres, A. M. 1997. Neoclassical Microeconomic Theory: The Founding Austrian Vision. Routledge, London. 60–84.

Kirzner, I. 1978. “The Entrepreneurial Role in Menger’s System,” Atlantic Economic Journal 6.3: 31–45.

Menger, C. 2011. Principles of Economics (trans. Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre [1st edn. 1871] by J. Dingwall and B. F. Hoselitz), Terra Libertas, Eastbourne, UK. pp. 191–225.

Moss, L. S. 1978. “Carl Menger’s Theory of Exchange,” Atlantic Economic Journal 6: 17–29.

Streissler, E. 1972. “To What Extent was the Austrian School Marginalist?,” History of Political Economy 4.2: 426–461.

Tieben, Bert. 2012. The Concept of Equilibrium in Different Economic Traditions: An Historical Investigation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. pp. 315–319.

Böhm-Bawerk
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von. 1930 [1891]. The Positive Theory of Capital (trans. William Smart). G. E. Stechert & Co. New York. pp. 193–234.

Mises
Mises, L. von. 2008. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. The Scholar’s Edition. Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala. pp. 201–232, 324–394.

Rothbard
Rothbard. M. 2009. Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles. Scholar’s Edition (2nd edn.), Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala. pp. 103–317.

Kirzner
Kirzner, Israel M. 1985. “Prices, the Communication of Knowledge, and the Discovery Process,” in Kurt R. Leube and Albert H. Zlabinger (eds.), The Political Economy of Freedom: Essays in Honor of F.A. Hayek. Philosophia Verlag, Munich. 193–206.

Kirzner, Israel M. 2000. The Driving Force of the Market: Essays in Austrian Economics. Routledge, London and New York.

Kirzner, Israel M. 2007 [1963]. Market Theory and the Price System. Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala.

Greaves
Greaves, Bettina B. 1984. Free Market Economics: A Syllabus. Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson, NY. pp. 37–53.

Shapiro
Shapiro, Milton M. 1985. Foundations of the Market Price System. University Press of America, Inc. Lanham, MD and London.

Bibliography on Post Keynesian Methodology

Having looked at Austrian economic methodology recently, I will turn to the Post Keynesian methodology in coming weeks, and I provide a bibliography below of sources on methodological issues in Post Keynesian economics.

In essence, there are three, partly overlapping, methodologies proposed for Post Keynesian economics:

(1) Critical realism;

(2) the Babylonian approach of Sheila Dow (1990; 1996), and

(3) Paul Davidson’s (1996) “generalising” methodology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anderson, P. W. 1972. “More Is Different,” Science n.s. 177.4047: 393–396.

Beed, Clive. 1991. “Philosophy of Science and Contemporary Economics: An Overview,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 13.4: 459–494.

Bhaskar, Roy. 2008. A Realist Theory of Science (2nd edn.), Verso, London.

Brown, A. “Critical Realism,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 121–126.

Brown, Andrew. 2000–2001. “A Comment on Dow’s ‘Post Keynesianism and Critical Realism: What Is the Connection?,’” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 23.2: 349–355.

Colander, David, Holt, Richard P.F. and J. Barkley Rosser Jr. 2007–2008. “Live and Dead Issues in the Methodology of Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 30.2: 303–312.

Davis, J. B. 1987. “Three Principles of Post Keynesian Methodology,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 9.4: 552–564.

Davidson, Paul. 1996. “Reality and Economic Theory,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 18.4: 479–508.

Dow, Sheila C. 1982. “Neoclassical Tautologies and the Cambridge Controversies: Reply,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 5.1: 132–134.

Dow, Sheila C. 1982–1983. “Substantive Mountains and Methodological Molehills: A Rejoinder,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 5.2: 304–330.

Dow, Sheila C. 1990. “Beyond Dualism,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 14.2: 143–157.

Dow, Sheila C. 1990. “Post Keynesianism as Political Economy: A Methodological Discussion,” Review of Political Economy 2.3: 345–358.

Dow, Sheila C. 1996. The Methodology of Macroeconomic Thought: A Conceptual Analysis of Schools of Thought in Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Dow, Sheila C. 1999. “Post Keynesianism and Critical Realism: What Is the Connection?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 15–33.

Dow, Sheila C. 2001. “Post Keynesian Methodology,” in Richard P.F. Holt and Steven Pressman (eds.), A New Guide to Post-Keynesian Economics. Routledge, London and New York. 11–20.

Dow, Sheila C. 2003. “Understanding the Relationship between Mathematics and Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.4: 547–560.

Dow, Sheila C. 2004. “Structured Pluralism,” Journal of Economic Methodology 11.3: 275–290.

Dow, Sheila C. 2005. “Axioms and Babylonian Thought: A Reply,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 385–391.

Dow, Sheila. 2012. “Babylonian Mode of Thought,” in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 15–19.

Dow, Sheila. 2013. “Methodology and post-Keynesian Economics,” in G. C. Harcourt and Peter Kriesler (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian Economics, Volume 2. Critiques and Methodology. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.

Dunn, S. P. 2008. The ‘Uncertain’ Foundations of Post Keynesian Economics. Routledge, London.

Fullbrook, Edward. 2009. Ontology and Economics: Tony Lawson and his Critics. Routledge, New York.

Harcourt, G. C. and P. A. Riach (eds), 1997. A “Second Edition” of The General Theory (Vol. 1), Routledge, London.

Harcourt, G. C. and P. A. Riach (eds), 1997. A “Second Edition” of The General Theory (Vol. 2), Routledge, London.

Jespersen, Jesper. 2009. Macroeconomic Methodology: A Post-Keynesian Perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos. and Northampton, MA.

Jespersen, Jesper. 2012. “Macroeconomic Methodology”, in J. E. King (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics (2nd edn.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 379–383.

Katzner, Donald W. 2003. “Why Mathematics in Economics?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.4: 561–574.

King, J. E. 2002. A History of Post Keynesian Economics since 1936, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

King, J. E. 2005. “Unwarping the Record: A Reply to Paul Davidson,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27.3: 377–384.

Lavoie, Marc. “History and Methods of Post-Keynesian Economics,” in Eckhard Hein and Engelbert Stockhammer (eds.), A Modern Guide to Keynesian Macroeconomics and Economic Policies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. 2011.

Lawson, Tony. 1994. “The Nature of Post Keynesianism and Its Links to Other Traditions: A Realist Perspective,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 16.4: 503–538.

Lawson, Tony. 1997. Economics and Reality. Routledge, London.

Lawson, Tony. 1999. “Connections and Distinctions: Post Keynesianism and Critical Realism,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 3–14.

Lawson, Tony. 2003. Reorienting Economics. Routledge, London.

Lawson, Tony. 2006. “The Nature of Heterodox Economics,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 30: 483–505.

Lawson, Tony and H. Pesaran (eds.). 1989. Keynes’ Economics: Methodological Issues. Routledge, London.

Lewis, Paul and Jochen Runde. 1999. “A Critical Realist Perspective on Paul Davidson’s Methodological Writings on- and Rhetorical Strategy for- Post Keynesian Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 35–56.

Loasby, B. J. 1984. “On Scientific Method,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 6.3: 394–410.

Martins, Nuno Ornelas. 2009. “Sen's Capability Approach and Post Keynesianism: Similarities, Distinctions, and the Cambridge Tradition,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31.4: 691–706.

McKenna, Edward J. and Diane C. Zannoni. 1999. “Post Keynesian Economics and Critical Realism: A Reply to Parsons,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 57–70.

Parsons, Stephen D. 1996. “Post Keynesian Realism and Keynes’ General Theory,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 18.3: 419–441.

Phelps, Michael G. 1980. “Laments, Ancient and Modern: Keynes on Mathematical and Econometric Methodology,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 2.4: 482–493.

Popper, Karl R. 1978. “Three Worlds,” The Tanner Lecture on Human Values, Delivered at the University of Michigan, April 7, 1978.
www.thee-online.com/Documents/Popper-3Worlds.pdf‎

Popper, Karl R. 1979. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (rev. edn.). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Rotheim, Roy J. 1999. “Post Keynesian Economics and Realist Philosophy,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 71–103.

Ruccio, David F. 1991. “Postmodernism and Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 13.4: 495–510.

Sardoni, Claudio. 1989–1990. “Chapter 18 of the General Theory: Its Methodological Importance,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 12.2: 293–307.

Walters, Bernard and David Young. 1997. “On the Coherence of Post-Keynesian Economics,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 44.3: 329–349.

Walters, Bernard and David Young. 1999. “Is Critical Realism the Appropriate Basis for Post Keynesianism?,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 22.1: 105–123.

Wiles, Peter. 1979–1980. “Ideology, Methodology, and Neoclassical Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 2.2: 155–180.

Bibliography on Keynes’s Theory of Probability

Updated

Below is my updated version of a preliminary bibliography on probability and Keynes’s theory of probability. Suggestions are welcome!

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bunge, M. 1981. “Four Concepts of Probability,” Applied Mathematical Modelling 5: 306–312.

Bunge, Mario. 1988. “Two Faces and Three Masks of Probability,” in Evandro Agazzi (ed.), Probability in the Sciences. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht and London. 27–50.

Fine, T. 1973. Theories of Probability. Academic Press, Waltham, MA.

De Finetti, Bruno. 1972. Probability, Induction and Statistics: The Art of Guessing. Wiley, London and New York.

De Finetti, Bruno. 1990. Theory of Probability: A Critical Introductory Treatment. Wiley, Chichester.

Galavotti, M. C. 2005. Philosophical Introduction to Probability. CSLI Publications, Stanford.

Gillies, D. 1973. An Objective Theory of Probability. Methuen, London.

Gillies, D. 2000. Philosophical Theories of Probability. Routledge, London.

Hacking, Ian. 1975. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press, London.

Hacking, Ian. 2006. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (2nd edn.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Howson, C. and Urbach, P. 1993. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach (2nd edn.). Open Court, La Salle, IL.

Johns, Richard. 2002. A Theory of Physical Probability. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Kyburg, Henry E. and Mariam Thalos. 2002. Probability is the Very Guide of Life: The Philosophical Uses of Chance. Eurospan, London.

Mellor, D. H. 2005. Probability: A Philosophical Introduction. Routledge, London.

Salmon, Wesley Charles. 1967. Foundations of Scientific Inference. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Savage, Leonard Jimmie. 1972. The Foundations of Statistics (2nd rev. edn.). Dover, New York.

Schum, David A. 2001. The Evidential Foundations of Probabilistic Reasoning. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Ill.

Skyrms, B. 2000. Choice and Chance (4th edn.). Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2007. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Allen Lane, London.

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2005. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (2nd edn.), Random House, New York.

von Plato, J. 1994. Creating Modern Probability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Weatherford, Roy. 1982. Philosophical Foundations of Probability Theory. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Reviews of Keynes’s Treatise on Probability
[Anonymous?] W. L. C. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994) 53.1: 78–83.

[Anonymous?] W. L. C. 1923. “A Treatise on Probability. by J. M. Keynes,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 18.141: 678–682.

[Anonymous]. 1924 “A Treatise on Probability by J.-M. Keynes,” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 31.1: 11–12.

Borel, Émile. 1924. “A propos d’un traité de probabilités,” Revue philosophique 98: 321–326.

Broad, C. D. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability. by J. M. Keynes,” Mind n.s. 31.121: 72–85.

Costello, Harry T. 1923. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Journal of Philosophy 20.11: 301–306.

De Laguna, Theodore. 1930. “On Keynes’ Theory of Probability,” The Philosophical Review 39.3: 227–242.

Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 85.1: 107–113.

Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro. 1922. “The Philosophy of Chance,” Mind n.s. 31.123: 257–283.

Fisher, R. A. 1923. “Mr. Keynes’s Treatise on Probability,” Eugenics Review 14: 46–50.

Foster, William S. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The American Journal of Psychology 33.3: 439–442.

Joseph, H. W. B. 1923. “Mr. Keynes on Probability,” Mind n.s. 32.128: 408–431.

Lewis, Clarence Irving. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Philosophical Review. 31.2: 180–186.

Pigou, A. C. 1921. “A Treatise on Probability,” The Economic Journal 31.124: 507–512.

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1922. “Mr. Keynes on Probability,” Cambridge Magazine 1.1: 3–5. [Reprinted in Ramsey 1989.]

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1926. “Truth and Probability,” in The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, London.

Ramsey, Frank. P. 1989. “Mr Keynes on Probability,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40: 219–222.

Russell, Bertrand. 1922. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Mathematical Gazette 11.159: 119–125. [Reprinted in Russell 1948.]

Russell, Bertrand. 1948. “A Treatise on Probability by John Maynard Keynes,” The Mathematical Gazette 32.300: 152–159.

Sheppard, W. F. 1923. “Probability and Statistics,” The Mathematical Gazette 11.167: 405–409.

Wilson, E. B. 1923. “Keynes on Probability,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 29.7: 319-322.

Wolf, A. 1922. “Studies in Probability. I. Probability,” Economica 4: 87–97.

KEYNES AND PROBABILITY
Basili, Marcello and Carlo Zappia. 2009. “Keynes’s ‘Non-Numerical’ Probabilities and Non-Additive Measures,” Journal of Economic Psychology 30.3: 419–430.

Basili, Marcello and Carlo Zappia. 2010. “Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Ellsberg and Shackle,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 34: 449–474.

Bateman, Bradley W. 1987. “Keynes’s Changing Conception of Probability,” Economics and Philosophy 3: 97-119.

Bateman, Bradley W. 1988. “G. E. Moore and J. M. Keynes: A Missing Chapter in the History of the Expected Utility Model,” American Economic Review 78: 1098–1106.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1983. The Foundation of Keynes’s Macrotheory: His Logical Theory of Probability and its Application in the General Theory and After, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1987. “J. M. Keynes’ Theory of Evidential Weight: Its Relation to Information Processing Theory and Application in the General Theory,” Synthese 71: 37–60.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1988. “J. M. Keynes’s Position on the General Applicability of Mathematical, Logical and Statistical Methods in Economics and Social Science,” Synthese 76.1: 1–24.

Brady, Michael Emmett and Howard B. Lee, 1989. “Dynamics of Choice Behavior: The Logical Relation between Linear Objective Probability and Nonlinear Subjective Probability,” Psychological Reports 64: 91-97.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1993. “J. M. Keynes’s Theoretical Approach to Decision-Making under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44.2: 357–376.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 1994. “On the Application of J. M. Keynes’s Approach to Decision Making,” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8.2: 99–112.

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2010. “A Comparison-Contrast of Adam Smith, J.M. Keynes and Jeremy Bentham on Probability, Risk, Uncertainty, Optimism-Pessimism and Decision Making with Applications Concerning Banking, Insurance and Speculation,” SSRN Working Paper Series.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1728225

Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogério Arthmar, 2010. “Keynes’ Lower-Upper Bound Interval Approach to Probability,” SSRN Working Paper Series (February 2).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1546726

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2010. “How to Use Keynes’s Conventional Coefficient of Risk and Weight, c, to clear up Misunderstandings and Confusions about Keynes’s Views on the use on his Principle of Indifference Versus the use of Laplace’s Principle of Nonsufficient Reason,” SSRN Working Paper Series (November 27).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1716043

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2011. “Comparing J. M. Keynes’s and F. von Hayek’s Differing Definitions of Uncertainty as it relates to Knowledge: Keynes’s Unavailable or Missing Knowledge Concept versus Hayek’s Dispersal of Knowledge Concept,” SSRN Working Paper Series.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1751569

Brady, Michael Emmett, 2011. “Keynes, Mathematics and Probability: A Reappraisal,” SSRN Working Paper Series, August 31.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1920569

Brady, Michael Emmett. 2011. “The ‘Early’ Logical Empiricism of J. M. Keynes versus the Rhetoric of Subjectivism,” SSRN Working Paper Series, August 31
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1920578

Brady, Michael Emmett. 2012. “John Maynard Keynes’s Upper and Lower Valued Probabilities: A Study of How Statisticians, Philosophers, Logicians, Historians, and Economists Failed to Comprehend Keynes’s Breakthrough Application of G.Boole’s Interval Approach to Probability in the 20th Century,” January 30
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1996129

Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogério Arthmar. 2012. “Keynes, Boole and the Interval Approach to Probability,” History of Economic Ideas 20.3: 65–84.

Carabelli, Anna M. 1988. On Keynes’s Method, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Carabelli, Anna M. 2002. “Speculation and Reasonableness: a non-Bayesian Theory of Rationality,” in S. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.), Keynes, Uncertainty and the Global Economy: Beyond Keynes (Vol. 2), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA. 165–185.

Cottrell, A. 1993. “Keynes’s Theory of Probability and its Relevance to His Economics: Three Theses,” Economics and Philosophy 9: 25–51.

Crocco, M. 2000. “The Future’s Unknowability: Keynes’s Probability, Probable Knowledge and the Decision to Innovate,” in F. Louçã and M. Perlman (eds.), Is Economics an Evolutionary Science? Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Crocco, M. 2002. “The Concept of Degrees of Uncertainty in Keynes, Shackle, and Davidson,” Nova Economia 12.2: 11–28.

Davis, John B. 1994. Keynes’s Philosophical Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Davis, John B. 2003. “The Relationship between Keynes’s Early and Later Philosophical Thinking,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 100–110.

Davidson, P. 1982–1983. “Rational Expectations: A Fallacious Foundation for Studying Crucial Decision-making Processes,” Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics 5.2: 182-198.

Davidson, Paul. 1991. “Is Probability Theory Relevant for Uncertainty? A Post Keynesian Perspective,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5.1: 129-143.

De Carvalho, Fernando J. Cardim. 1988. “Keynes on Probability, Uncertainty, and Decision Making,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 66-81.

Dequech, David. 1997. “Uncertainty in a Strong Sense: Meaning and Sources,” Economic Issues 2.2: 21–43.

Dequech, David. 2008. “Varieties of Uncertainty: A Survey of the Economic Literature,”
http://ideas.repec.org/p/anp/en2008/200807211223070.html

Dequech, David. 2011. “Uncertainty: A Typology and Refinements of Existing Concepts,” Journal of Economic Issues 45.3: 621-640.

Dickens, Edwin. 2008. “Keynes’s Theory of Probability, Investment Behaviour, and Behavioral Finance,” in L. Randall Wray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), Keynes and Macroeconomics After 70 years: Critical Assessments of the General Theory, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA.

Dow, Sheila C. 1994. “Uncertainty,” in Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy. Edward Elgar, Aldershot. 434–438.

Dow, Sheila C. 1995. “Uncertainty about Uncertainty,” in S. C. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.). Keynes, Knowledge and Uncertainty. Edward Elgar, Aldershot. 117–127.

Dow, Sheila C. 2012. “Uncertainty about Uncertainty,” in Sheila C. Dow, Foundations for New Economic Thinking: A Collection of Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. 72–82.

Dow, Sheila C. 2012. Foundations for New Economic Thinking: A Collection of Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Ellsberg, Daniel. 1961. “Risk, Ambiguity and the Savage Axioms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 75: 643–669.

Ellsberg, Daniel. 2001 []. Risk, Ambiguity and Decision. Garland, New York and London.

Feduzi, Alberto. 2007. “On the Relationship between Keynes’s Conception of Evidential Weight and the Ellsberg Paradox,” Journal of Economic Psychology 28: 545–565.

Fitzgibbons, Athol. 1988. Keynes’s Vision: A New Political Economy, Clarendon, Oxford.

Gerrard, B. 2003. “Keynesian Uncertainty: What Do We Know?,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 239–251.

Gillies, Donald. 2006. “Keynes and Probability,” in R. Backhouse and B. Bateman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Keynes Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. 199-216.

Gillies, Donald. 2003. “Probability and Uncertainty in Keynes’s Economics,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 111–129.

Gilles, Dostaler. 2007. Keynes and his Battles. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Hailperin, Theodore. 1986. Boole’s Logic and Probability: A Critical Exposition from the Standpoint of Contemporary Algebra, Logic, and Probability Theory (2nd rev. edn.), North-Holland, Amsterdam and New York.

Jespersen, Jesper. 2009. Macroeconomic Methodology: A Post-Keynesian Perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. Appendix 1. pp.126-131

Kelsey D. and J. Quiggin. 1992. “Theories of Choice under Ignorance and Uncertainty,” Journal of Economic Surveys 6.2: 133-153.

Keynes, J. M. 1921. A Treatise on Probability (1st edn.), Macmillan, London.

Lavoie, M. 2009. An Introduction to Post-Keynesian Economics (rev. edn.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Lawson, Tony. 1985. “Uncertainty and Economic Analysis,” Economic Journal 95: 909-927.

Lawson, Tony. 1988. “Probability and Uncertainty in Economic Analysis,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 38-65.

Lawson, Tony. 1993. “Keynes and Conventions,” Cambridge University Review of Social Economy 51: 174-200.

McCann, Charles R. 1994. Probability Foundations of Economic Theory. Routledge, London.

McCann, Charles, R. 2003. “On the Nature of Keynesian Probability,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 37-45.

Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1997. Fractals and Scaling in Finance: Discontinuity, Concentration, Risk. Springer, New York.

Mandelbrot, Benoit B. and Richard L. Hudson. 2004. The (Mis)behavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin, and Reward. Basic Books, New York.

Meeks, J. G. T. 1991. “Keynes on the Rationality of Decision Procedures under Uncertainty: The Investment Decision,” in J. G. T. Meeks (ed.), Thoughtful Economic Man: Essays on Rationality, Moral Rules and Benevolence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. l26-160.

Moggridge, D. E. 1992. Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, Routledge, London. pp. 143-166.

Narayanan, Sunder. 1994. “Comments on M. E. Brady’s Extension to J. M. Keynes’ Decision Rule,” Psychological Reports 75.1: 126.

O’Donnell, R. M. 1989. Keynes: Philosophy, Economics and Politics: The Philosophical Foundations of Keynes’s Thought and their Influence on his Economics and Politics, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

O’Donnel, R. 2003. “The Thick and the Think of Controversy,” in Jochen Runde and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.), The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York. 85–99.

Ramsey, F. P. 1989 [1922]. “Mr Keynes on Probability,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40.2: 219-222.

Roncaglia, Alessandro. 2009. “Keynes and Probability: An Assessment,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16.3: 489-510.

Rotheim, Roy J. 1988. “Keynes and the Language of Probability and Uncertainty,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 11.1: 82-99.

Rowbottom, D. P. 2007. “The Insufficiency of the Dutch Book Argument,” Studia Logica 87.1: 65-71.

Runde, Jochen. 1990. “Keynesian Uncertainty and the Weight of Arguments,” Economics and Philosophy 6.2: 275–292.

Runde, Jochen. 1991. “Keynesian Uncertainty and Stability of Beliefs,” Review of Political Economy 3: 125–145.

Runde, Jochen. 1994. “Keynes After Ramsey—In Defence of A Treatise on Probability,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25.1: 97-121.

Runde, Jochen. 1995. “Risk, Uncertainty and Bayesian Decision Theory: A Keynesian View,” in S. C. Dow and J. Hillard (eds.), Keynes, Knowledge and Uncertainty. Edward Elgar, Aldershot, UK. 197–210.

Runde, Jochen. 1995. “Chances and Choices: Some Notes on Probability and Belief in Economic Theory,” The Monist 78: 330–351.

Runde, Jochen. 1998. “Frank Knight’s Discussion of the Meaning of Risk and Uncertainty,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 22.5: 539-546.

Runde, Jochen. 2000. “Shackle on Probability,” in Stephen F. Frowen and Peter Earl (eds.), Economics as an Art of Thought: Essays in Memory of G. L. S. Shackle. Routledge, New York.

Runde, Jochen and Sohei Mizuhara (eds.). 2003. The Philosophy of Keynes’ Economics: Probability, Uncertainty and Convention. Routledge, London and New York.

Ryder, J. M. 1981. “Consequences of a Simple Extension of the Dutch Book Argument,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32.2: 164–167.

Syll, Lars Pålsson. 2007. John Maynard Keynes SNS Förlag, Stockholm.

Skidelsky, R. J. A. 1992. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937 (vol. 2), Macmillan, London.

My Posts
“Degrees of Uncertainty,” November 24, 2011.

“Michael Emmett Brady on Keynes’s Probability Theory in Mises and Rothbard,” November 29, 2011.