For the standard Classical, Austrian and neoclassical accounts of the origin of money, see Smith (1811): 16–17, Jevons (1875), Menger (1892), Menger (1909): 555–610 (translation in Menger 2002 [1909]: 25–108), Mises (1998) [1949]: 402–404, Kiyotaki and Wright (1989), Kiyotaki and Wright (1991), Kiyotaki and Wright (1992), and Iwai (2001).
For heterodox theories on the origins of money in ancient Egypt, see Henry (2004). See also Bogoslovsky (1987) (cf. Holtz 1984), and for the history of Egyptian media of exchange, see Curtis (1951). For Mesopotamia, see Hudson (2004) and Hallo (1996): 18-25. For Greece, see the review of the work of Laum (1924) in Economica 14 (1925): 218–222; see also Peacock (2003–2004), Peacock (2006), Peacock (2011), and Semenova (2011).
Grierson (1977) and Grierson (1978) provide important analysis of the role of wergeld-like social customs in the origin of money, by arguing that wergeld provided societies with tariffs of compensation in which heterogeneous types of injury and damage were measured by means of abstract and concrete units of account. Peacock (2003–2004) develops the thesis of Grierson.
For a good starting point for anyone wishing for a specialist treatment of the origins of money from the heterodox economics perspective, see Semenova 2011.
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Appendix: Bibliographical Resources for the Ancient Near East
The first money we know of emerged in the ancient Near East in Mesopotamia. For those interested in resources for searching the research literature on the ancient Near East, the following are useful:
(1) “Elenchus Bibliographicus Biblicus,” 1920–1967, Biblica, Rome.
Elenchus Bibliographicus Biblicus, 1968–1984, Rome.
Elenchus of Biblica, 1985–, Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, Rome.
A comprehensive annual bibliography, which covers nearly all relevant journals for the ancient Near East. This work contains extensive indices. For 1920–1967, the index was published in the journal Biblica (Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Rome). Then it became a separate publication, the latest version of which is Elenchus of Biblica (1985 onwards).
(2) “Keilschriftbibliographie,” 1932–, Orientalia (published quarterly), Pontificium institutum biblicum, Rome.
Published in the Journal Orientalia, this is an index for work on the Ancient Near East. The index has subject and name indices, and is published as the last article in one volume of Orientalia biannually. The index provides bibliographical references to publications in the previous year under ten subject areas, viz., General, Writing and Epigraphy, Language and Philology, History of the Ancient Middle East, Religion and Mythology, Law, Science and Technology, Geography, and Archaeology.
(3) Hupper, W. G., 1987–, An Index to English Periodical Literature on the Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Metuchen, N. J.
This index contains citations for over six hundred journals in English for Near Eastern archaeology, history, language, science, and theology from 1793 to 1970. Five volumes have appeared, and a further five are planned.
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