As in the series on Austrian economics, not all posts actually debunk Marxism, but sometimes provide outlines or summaries of Marxist theory or interesting points on Marxism or Karl Marx’s life and thought. There are also some posts where constructive things can be said: on endogenous money, the falsity of Say’s law and the monetary theory of production, how some of Marx’s economic thought anticipated Keynes, but even here the discussions in Marx’s Capital are simply obsolete and have long been superseded by modern Post Keynesian theory, and are mainly of historical interest.
In what follows, sometimes Marxist economic theory will be debunked by means of Post Keynesian economics (which is what this blog advocates), though frequently I have my own original criticisms or follow the arguments of other critics of Marxism.
It is important to remember that Post Keynesian economics – although it has severe criticisms of laissez faire capitalism and neoclassical or Austrian economics – is still strongly distinct from Marxist economics. Post Keynesian economics is not Marxism, and leading Post Keynesians and economists whose work has been foundational for Post Keynesian economics have rejected the labour theory of value, the basis of Marxist economics.
John Maynard Keynes, for example, said that Marx’s theories were founded “on a silly mistake of old Mr Ricardo’s” (Skidelsky 1992: 517) – namely, the labour theory of value. For Michał Kalecki and Joan Robinson the labour theory of value was “metaphysical” (Brus 1977: 59; Robinson 1964: 39), and for Piero Sraffa it was “a purely mystical conception” (Kurz and Salvadori 2010: 199). If the labour theory of value is unsound, then the whole Marxist edifice constructed on it cannot but fall and collapse. Moreover, the classical Marxist idea of historical determinism is also incompatible with the Post Keynesian idea of the fundamental uncertainty of the future.
For Marx’s theory of the “law of value” in volume 1 of Capital, see here:
“Marx’s ‘Law of Value’ in Volume 1 of Capital,” February 4, 2016.For an overview of why the labour theory of value is wrong, see this post:
“Why Marx’s Labour Theory of Value is Wrong in a Nutshell,” June 28, 2015.For a detailed discussion of how Marx and Engels continued to think of the theory of value in volume 1 of Capital as an empirical theory of pre-modern commodity exchange before modern capitalism (where prices of production are anchors for the price system), see here:
“Engels’ View of the Theory of Value in Volume 1 of Capital in the 1890s,” August 12, 2015.The posts below are divided into the following groups:
(i) Bibliographical Posts.I also recommend my series of posts that are critical chapter by chapter summaries of volume 1 of Capital in section xix below (or listed in a separate post here).
(ii) Marx and Engels’ Works Online
(iii) Karl Marx’s Life 1818–1883
(iv) Documentaries about and discussions of Karl Marx and Marxism.
(v) Against the labour theory of value.
(vi) On the alleged tendency of the rate of profit to fall.
(vii) On Marx’s “Critique of the Gotha Program.”
(viii) Discussions of David Harvey’s lectures on Reading Marx’s Capital Volume 1.
(ix) Steve Keen on Marxism.
(x) On Marx’s views on phrenology and race.
(xi) On Marx’s views on slavery.
(xii) Marxism, authoritarianism and imperialism.
(xiii) Against Marx’s Communist Manifesto.
(xiv) Against Sraffian and Marxist long-run equilibrium.
(xv) Chomsky and Marxism.
(xvi) Against Temporal Single System Marxism (TSSI)
(xvii) Marx’s Monetary Theory
(xviii) Marx versus Keynes
(xix) Critical Summaries of Volume 1 of Capital
(xx) Marx’s Theory of Wage Determination in Capitalism
(xxi) Useful Insights in Capital
(xxii) Marx’s Views on Capitalism and Imperialism and Colonialism
(xxiii) Historical Development of Marxism
(xxiv) Responses to Marxists
(xxv) Failed Predictions of Marx and Engels
(xxvi) Marxism and Poststructuralism
(xxvii) Marx and Immigration
(xxviii) Engels’ Pause and Marx’s Hasty Generalisations about Capitalism
(xxix) Marx and Increasing Intensity of Labour in Capitalism
(xxx) Marx and Technological Unemployment.
The posts are as follows:
Debunking Marxism 101
(i) Bibliographical Posts:
(1) “Study Guides to and Overviews of Marx’s Capital,” June 10, 2015.(ii) Marx and Engels’ Works Online:
(2) “Bibliography on Marx’s Monetary Theory,” June 16, 2015.
(3)“Early Reviews and Critiques of Marx: A List,” March 16, 2016.
(1) “Some Early Editions of Marx’s Capital Online,” May 10, 2015.(iii) Karl Marx’s Life 1818–1883:
(2) “Engels’ Later Works Online,” May 13, 2015.
(1) “Karl Marx’s Life 1818–1841,” April 20, 2015.(iv) Documentaries about and discussions of Karl Marx and Marxism:
(2) “Karl Marx’s Life 1842–1844,” April 21, 2015.
(3) “Karl Marx’s Life 1845–1849,” April 24, 2015.
(4) “Karl Marx’s Life 1850–1860,” April 25, 2015.
(5) “Karl Marx’s Life 1861–1870,” April 28, 2015.
(6) “Karl Marx’s Life 1871–1883,” May 1, 2015.
(7) “Karl Marx’s Night Out on London Town,” September 5, 2015.
(8) “Karl Marx the Conspiracy Theorist,” December 11, 2015.
(9) “A Chronology of Karl Marx’s Life,” April 24, 2016.
(10) “Marx’s Dishonesty in his Quotation of Gladstone,” May 1, 2016.
(11) “Christopher Hitchens on an Anecdote about Karl Marx,” May 4, 2016.
(12) “Paul Johnson on Karl Marx,” May 18, 2016.
(1) “A BBC Discussion of Karl Marx,” April 4, 2015.(v) Against the labour theory of value
(2) “Karl Marx in London,” April 26, 2015.
(3) “BBC Radio 4 Discussion on the 1848 Revolutions,” April 22, 2015.
(4) “Jonathan Sperber on Karl Marx,” April 23, 2015.
(5) “Bryan Magee interviews Peter Singer on Hegel and Marx,” April 8, 2015.
(6) “Stefan Molyneux versus Karl Marx,” May 2, 2016.
(1) “Mysticism and the Labour Theory of Value,” May 7, 2014.(vi) On the alleged tendency of the rate of profit to fall:
(2) “Did Kalecki Accept the Labour Theory of Value?,” April 18, 2014.
(3) “Adam Smith on the Labour Theory of Value,” April 20, 2014.
(4) “Progress in Marxism on the Labour Theory of Value?,” March 18, 2015.
(5) “Marx’s ‘Socially Necessary Labour Time’: A Quick Overview and Critique,” March 26, 2015.
(6) “Marx on the Labour Theory of Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” March 27, 2015.
(7) “Marx’s Labour Theory of Value and Rothbard’s Homesteading Property-Rights Theory: Peas in a Pod,” March 28, 2015.
(8) “The Foundation of Marx’s Labour Theory of Value in Ricardo,” March 29, 2015.
(9) “More Mystical Labour Theory of Value Nonsense,” March 29, 2015.
(10) “The Two Epistemological Ways to Interpret the Labour Theory of Value,” March 30, 2015.
(11) “Piero Sraffa’s Damning Verdict on the Labour Theory of Value,” March 30, 2015.
(12) “Kliman’s Explanation of Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” March 31, 2015.
(13) “Philip Pilkington on the Labour Theory of Value,” April 1, 2015.
(14) “The Labour Theory of Value and Animal Labour,” April 1, 2015.
(15) “Achille Loria and Alexander Gray on Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” April 2, 2015.
(16) “Matias Vernengo on Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” April 3, 2015.
(17) “My ‘Sun Theory of Value’: Why it’s better than the Marxist Labour Theory of Value,” April 5, 2015.
(18) “Achille Loria on the Contradiction in Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” April 7, 2015.
(19) “Marx’s Wage-Labour and Capital,” April 9, 2015.
(20) “Dühring’s Review of Capital and Marx’s Letter to Engels of 8 January, 1868 on the Labour Theory of Value,” May 12, 2015.
(21) “Marx’s Abstract Socially-Necessary Labour Time in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy and Capital,”
(22) “Marx on Labour Value and Cost Price in the Grundrisse,” May 7, 2015.
(23) “Engels’ Letter to Werner Sombart on the Labour Theory of Value in 1895,” May 14, 2015.
(24) “What the Labour Theory of Value does not Explain,” May 15, 2015.
(25) “What Conditions are Necessary for Commodity Prices to Equal Marx’s Labour Value?,” May 17, 2015.
(26) “A Devastating Contradiction in Marx’s Argument for the Labour Theory of Value,” May 19, 2015.
(27) “Wicksteed on the Contradiction in Chapter 1 of Volume 1 of Capital on the Labour Theory of Value,” May 21, 2015.
(28) “Karl Popper on the Labour Theory of Value,” May 30, 2015.
(29) “Fiat Money Destroys the Labour Theory of Value,” June 6, 2015.
(30) “Why Marx’s Labour Theory of Value is Wrong in a Nutshell,” June 28, 2015.
(31) “Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk’s Critique of Marx: A Quick Summary,” August 6, 2015.
(32) “Two Important Instances in Volume 1 of Marx’s Capital where Labour Values determine individual Commodity Prices,” August 7, 2015.
(33) “Two Instances where Marx’s Theory of Value in Volume 3 Intrudes into Volume 1 of Capital,” August 8, 2015.
(34) “Joan Robinson on Marx’s Labour Theory of Value: A Few Points,” August 11, 2015.
(35) “Engels’ View of the Theory of Value in Volume 1 of Capital in the 1890s,” August 12, 2015.
(36) “Marx’s Letter to Engels of 2 August, 1862 on Prices of Production,” January 19, 2016.
(37) “Engels’ Understanding of the ‘Law of Value’ in the Anti-Dühring” January 29, 2016.
(38) “Robert Wilbrandt’s Interpretation of Marx’s Law of Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” January 30, 2016.
(39) “The Historical Development of Marxist Interpretations of the Law of Value,” January 31, 2016.
(40) “Rudolf Hilferding on the Law of Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” February 1, 2016.
(41) “‘Socially Necessary Labour Time is the only Source of Value’: What Does this even Mean?,” February 2, 2016.
(42) “Marx’s ‘Law of Value’ in Volume 1 of Capital,” February 4, 2016.
(43) “Alexander Gray on the Two Contradictions in Marx’s Theory of Surplus Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” February 8, 2016.
(44) “Louis Boudin on the Contradiction between Volumes 1 and 3 of Marx’s Capital,” February 10, 2016.
(45) “A Marxist agrees with me on the Labour Theory of Value and Fiat Money!,” February 12, 2016.
(46) “Debunking Marx’s Concept of Exploitation based on Surplus Labour Value,” February 13, 2016.
(47) “Would Capitalism necessarily be destroyed if Human Labour fell towards Zero?,” February 12, 2016.
(48) “The Long-Run Tendency of Capitalism is to Decrease the Rate of Exploitation,” February 14, 2016.
(49) “Eduard Bernstein on Engels’ Historical Defence of the Law of Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” April 12, 2016.
(50) “Marx and Engels’ Attempt to Salvage the Law of Value in Volume 1 of Capital,” November 29, 2015.
(51) “The Important Points about Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” December 1, 2015.
(52) “The Absurdity of the Transformation Problem,” December 6, 2015.
(53) “More on Engels’ Supplement to Volume 3 of Capital,” December 8, 2015.
(54) “‘Imaginary’ Prices and Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” December 11, 2015.
(55) “Engels’ Famous Challenge in the Preface to Volume 2 of Capital on the Transformation Problem,” December 22, 2015.
(56) “Empirical Studies showing that Prices are Correlated with Labour Costs do not Prove the Classical Marxist Labour Theory of Value,” December 23, 2015.
(57)“Böhm-Bawerk on Marx’s Problem of Aggregating Heterogeneous Human Labour,” March 7, 2016.
(1) “Michael Heinrich on the Tendency of the Profit Rate to Fall and Engels’ Dubious Editing of Marx,” April 4, 2015.(vii) On Marx’s “Critique of the Gotha Program”:
(2) “Marx’s Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall: Analytically and Empirically Unproven,” February 22, 2016.
(3) “The US Profit Rate was Abnormally High in WWII and Immediately Afterwards,” March 4, 2016.
(1) “Marx’s ‘Critique of the Gotha Program’: Four Points,” April 29, 2015(viii) Discussions of David Harvey’s lectures on Reading Marx’s Capital Volume 1:
(1) “David Harvey on Reading Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Class 01,” April 8, 2015.(ix) Steve Keen on Marxism:
(2) “David Harvey on Reading Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Class 02 (Updated),” June 30, 2015.
(3) “David Harvey on Reading Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Class 03,” July 3, 2015.
(4) “David Harvey on Reading Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Class 04,” July 19, 2015.
(5) “David Harvey on Reading Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Class 05,” September 25, 2015.
(1) “Steve Keen’s ‘A Marx for Post Keynesians,’” April 6, 2015.(x) On Marx’s views on phrenology and race:
(1) “Marx’s Phrenology and Racial Views,” April 26, 2015.(xi) On Marx’s views on slavery:
(1) “Marx on Slavery in his 1846 Letter to Annenkov,” April 27, 2015.(xii) Marxism and authoritarianism:
(2) “Marx on Slaves as Fixed Capital,” July 16, 2015.
(3) “Marx on Slave-based Plantation Systems,” July 18, 2015.
(1) “Engels on Authoritarianism and Revolution,” April 30, 2015.(xiii) Against Marx’s Communist Manifesto:
(2) “Communist Imperialism,” February 14, 2016.
(3) “‘Marx was not responsible for the Horrors of Communism’ is Nonsense,” November 5, 2015.
(1) “What Economic System did Marx and Engels Advocate?,” July 24, 2012.(xiv) Against Sraffian and Marxist long-run equilibrium:
(1) “Sraffians versus Kaleckians versus Fundamentalist Post Keynesians,” June 17, 2014.(xv) Chomsky on Marxism:
(2) “Matias Vernengo on Marx’s Labour Theory of Value,” April 3, 2015.
(3) “Sraffian Long-Run Equilibrium Prices of Production and Post Keynesianism,” April 11, 2015.
(1) “Chomsky on Marxism,” July 12, 2015.(xvi) Against Temporal Single System Marxism (TSSI):
(1) “Mongiovi on Temporal Single System Marxism,” May 16, 2015.(xvii) Marx’s Monetary Theory:
(2) “Nitzan and Bichler on the Temporal Single System Interpretation (TSSI),” June 3, 2015.
(1) “Marx on the Necessity of Money being a Commodity,” June 8, 2015.(xviii) Marx versus Keynes:
(2) “Marx rejected Fiat Money,” February 16, 2016.
(3) “Marx on the Origin of Money in the Critique of Political Economy (1859),” April 5, 2016.
(1) “Keynes versus Engels on ‘Socialism,’” May 5, 2015.(xix) Critical Summaries of Volume 1 of Capital:
(2) “Keynes on Communism,” April 27, 2016.
(1) “Prolegomena to the Study of Marx’s Capital (Updated),” June 2, 2015.(xx) Marx’s Theory of Wage Determination in Capitalism
(2) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 1: A Critical Summary, Part 1 (Updated),” June 21, 2015.
(3) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 1: A Critical Summary, Part 2,” June 26, 2015.
(4) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 2: A Critical Summary,” June 4, 2015.
(5) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 3: A Critical Summary,” June 12, 2015.
(6) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 4: A Critical Summary,” July 4, 2015.
(7) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 5: A Critical Summary,” July 6, 2015.
(8) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 6: A Critical Summary,” July 13, 2015.
(9) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 7: A Critical Summary,” July 31, 2015.
(10) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 8: A Critical Summary,” August 2, 2015.
(11) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 9: A Critical Summary,” December 19, 2015.
(12) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 10: A Critical Summary,” February 3, 2016.
(13) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 11: A Critical Summary,” February 7, 2016.
(14) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 12: A Critical Summary,” February 11, 2016.
(15) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 13: A Critical Summary,” February 12, 2016.
(16) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 14: A Critical Summary,” March 9, 2016.
(17) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 15: A Critical Summary, Part 1,” March 17, 2016.
(18) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 15: A Critical Summary, Part 2,” March 18, 2016.
(19) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 16: A Critical Summary,” March 20, 2016.
(20) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 17: A Critical Summary,” March 21, 2016.
(21) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 18: A Critical Summary,” March 23, 2016.
(22) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 19: A Critical Summary,” March 24, 2016.
(23) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 20: A Critical Summary,” March 26, 2016.
(24) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 21: A Critical Summary,” March 28, 2016.
(25) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 22: A Critical Summary,” April 4, 2016.
(26) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 23: A Critical Summary,” April 10, 2016.
(27) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 24: A Critical Summary,” April 14, 2016.
(28) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 25: A Critical Summary,” April 16, 2016.
(29) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 26: A Critical Summary,” April 17, 2016.
(30) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 27: A Critical Summary,” April 18, 2016.
(31) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 28: A Critical Summary,” April 19, 2016.
(32) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 29: A Critical Summary,” April 20, 2016.
(33) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 30: A Critical Summary,” April 20, 2016.
(34) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 31: A Critical Summary,” April 20, 2016.
(35) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 32: A Critical Summary,” April 21, 2016.
(36) “Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 33: A Critical Summary,” April 22, 2016.
(1) “The Debate on Marx’s View of Wages in Capitalism,” January 12, 2016.(xxi) Useful Insights in Capital
(2) “A Simple Challenge to Marxists on the Theory of Wage Determination in Volume 1 of Capital,” March 7, 2016.
(3) “Marx on Wage Determination and the Classical Economists,” March 27, 2016.
(4) “Marx and the ‘Iron Law of Wages,’” December 29, 2015.
(5) “Marx on Wages in Value, Price and Profit (1865),” December 30, 2015.
(6) “Engels on Subsistence Wages,” December 21, 2015.
(7) “Marx’s Views on the Effectiveness of Trade Unions,” March 15, 2016.
(8) “How Eleanor Marx understood her Father’s Wage Determination Theory,” May 5, 2016.
(1) “What are the Useful Insights in Marx’s Capital?,” January 27, 2016.(xxii) Marx’s Views on Capitalism and Imperialism and Colonialism
(1) “Capitalists and Imperialism,” January 3, 2016.(xxiii) Historical Development of Marxism
(2) “Paul Bairoch on the Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Capitalism,” February 19, 2016.
(3) “Paul Bairoch on the Industrial Revolution, the Third World and Imperialism in World History,” February 20, 2016.
(4) “Who said this about British Rule in India?,” December 28, 2015.
(1) “The Critical Responses to Volume 3 of Marx’s Capital and the Early Development of Marxism,” February 9, 2016.(xxiv) Responses to Marxists
(2) “Some Early Critical Reviews of Volume 3 of Marx’s Capital,” December 18, 2015.
(3) “The Historical Development of Marxist Interpretations of the Law of Value,” January 31, 2016.
(4) “More Early Criticism and Commentary on Marx’s Capital,” May 21, 2016.
(1) “Response to Jehu on ‘Four Questions for LK on Money,’” April 8, 2016.(xxv) Failed Predictions of Marx and Engels
(1) “Marx and Predictions of Capitalist Crisis,” September 17, 2015.(xxvi) Marxism and Poststructuralism
(2) “Engels’ Failed Prediction of Revolution in the UK,” December 20, 2015.
(3) “The Failed End of Capitalism Prediction by Marx,” December 4, 2015.
(4) “Engels on the Historical Evolution of Capitalism in Marxism: A Critique,” October 19, 2016.
(1) “The Poststructuralists as Frustrated Marxists-Communists,” October 20, 2015.(xxvii) Marx and Immigration
(1) “Marx on Mass Immigration and Capitalism,” November 13, 2015.(xxviii) Engels’ Pause and Marx’s Hasty Generalisations about Capitalism
(2) “The Hypocrisy of Marxists and Left Libertarians on Mass Immigration,” March 13, 2016.
(3) “Lenin on Open Borders,” October 20, 2016.
(1) “Engels’ Pause: A Cause of Marx and Engels’ Hasty and False Generalisations about Capitalism,” February 6, 2016..(xxix) Marx and Increasing Intensity of Labour in Capitalism
(1) “Marx on the Increasing Intensity of Labour in Industrial Capitalism: I Refute Him Thus,” March 18, 2016.(xxx) Marx and Technological Unemployment
(1) “Marx on Technological Unemployment in the Grundrisse,” April 9, 2016.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brus, Włodzimierz. 1977. “Kalecki’s Economics of Socialism,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 39.1 (February): 57–67.
Kurz, Heinz D. and Neri Salvadori. 2010. “Sraffa and the Labour Theory of Value: A Few Observations,” in John Vint et al. (eds.), Economic Theory and Economic Thought: Essays in Honour of Ian Steedman. Routledge, London and New York. 189–215.
Robinson, Joan. 1964. Economic Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Skidelsky, R. J. A. 1992. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937 (vol. 2), Macmillan, London.
I understand it might not be the most popular school (at least outside its place of origin) but have you dealt anywhere with the Historical School, Freiburg School or Ordoliberalism? Any thoughts on the methodology wars between the Austrians and the Germans?
ReplyDeleteIt is particularly interesting, because a lot of what I see in your blog from policy perspecive is very similar to a lot of what the co-called Kathedersozialisten (Schmoller, L. Brentano, etc.) advocated.
Thanks,
V.